Ibihangano bya kera 350 000 byo muri Afurika byabonetse mu bubiko bwo muri kaminuza yo mu Bwongereza
Ahavuye isanamu, Eva Namusoke
- Umwanditsi, Katy Prickett
- Igikorwa, BBC News, Cambridgeshire
Ibihangano bya kera n'inyandiko za kera zanditswe n'intoki 350.000 byo muri Afurika , hamwe n’ibisigazwa by'imibiri y’abantu, amafoto n’ibisigazwa bw'ubwoko bw'ibindi bintu byabayeho ku isi, byavumbuwe mu bubiko bya kaminuza yo mu Bwongereza.
Dr Eva Namusoke yamaze amezi 15 ahuriza hamwe ibikorwa bye n'abakozi bo mu nzu y'amasomero y'ibitabu ya kaminuza ya Cambridge, n’ababitsi n'ibintu bya kera, ndetse no kwinjira mu bubiko bwabo kugirango amenye neza ibirimo.
Ati: "Ni ibisanzwe" ko inzu ndangamurage nini zitagaragaza byinshi mu bintu zibitse, ariko "biracyatangaje kubona ku rugero rudasanzwe harabonetse ibintu bitandukanye byo ku mugabane wa Afurika wose kandi bimwe bikaba bihamaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo.
Uyu ni umwe mu mishinga mishya ikorerwa muri iyi kaminuza muri gahunda yo gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n’ukuntu inzu ndangamurage zayo zakoranye n'abakoloni ndetse n'abashyize abantu mu bucakara kandi ugaragaza ko ibihangano byinshi byabonetse mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’abongereza.
Ahavuye isanamu, University Library
Dr Namusoke, umubitsi mukuru w'ibihangano byo muri Afurika mu nzu ndangamurage ya Fitzwilliam yavuze ko ibyinshi mu bihangano bifitanye isano na Afurika biterekanwa kandi yizera ko ubu bizasangizwa cyane kandi bigakorerwa ubushakashatsi.
Byabonetse mu bubiko bw’ingoro ndangamurage umunani n’ubusitani bw'ibimera. Ibi byose hamwe bikaba bigize ingoro ndangamurage za kaminuza ya Cambridge, ndetse n’inzu y'isomero ry'iyi kaminuza hamwe n’ibibitswe bitazwi cyane biri mu mashami n’ibigo byayo.
Muri ibyo bintu harimo ibikomo byambarwa ku kaboko by'abo mu bwoko bw'aba Maasai byatanzwe nk'impano n'uwahoze ari umutegetsi w'umukoloni, harimo kandi akanyamaswa gatoya k’inyamabere kafatiwe mu nkambi y'imfungwa z'intambara mu gihe cy'intambara ya Boer (1899-1902), unasangamo inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki z’Abayahudi zo kuva mu kinyejana cya gatanu kugeza mu cya cumi na kane ndetse n’amafoto ya mbere ariho Abanyafurika.
Isano n'ubukoloni bw'abongereza
Ahavuye isanamu, University Museum of Zoology
Ibyinshi muri ibi bihangano byabonetse mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’Abongereza, bimwe byari impano, ibindi byaraguzwe, cyangwa se biratabururwa - mu gihe hari ibindi byibwe, ibindi byakwa ba nyirabyo ku ngufu cyangwa birasahurwa.
Inzu Ndangamurage y'amateka ashingiye ku bisigazwa by' ibinyabuzima n'uburyo abantu babayeho kera ifite urunigi rwa zahabu rwavuye muri Ghana bikekwa ko rwasahuwe mu ngoro ya Asantehene Kofi Karikari mu gihe cy'Intambara ya gatatu hagati y'abongereza n'aba Asante yo mu 1873-1874, mu gihe hari ibintu 116 bifitanye isano n'igikorwa by'abongereza cyo guhana no gusahura ubwami bwa Benin mu 1897, mu majyepfo ya Nigeria.
Dr Namusoke yagize ati: "Nari niteguye kubona ibintu nkibi, nk'uko ubisanga mu ngoro ndangamurage nyinshi ku isi."
Ahavuye isanamu, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Yavuze ko uburyo bwa siyansi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19 bwo gukusanya ibihangano bwakoranye cyane n'abakoloni.
Ati: "Kaminuza ifite amagufwa y'inyoni zitwa dodo zitabashaga kuguruka ubu zitakibaho, kubera umubano bwite hagati y’umuntu wo muri Cambridge n’uwari umuyobozi w’abakoloni mu kirwa cya Maurice aho zabonekaga".
"Hariho isano hagati ya siyansi y'amateka y'ukuntu babagaho n'ubuyobozi bw'abakoloni; bivuze ko abashakashatsi babonaga urwego rwo kwigiramo no gukoramo ubushakashatsi ku baturage n'umuco w'ibihugu byari bikoronijwe."
Kumenya akazi kakoreshejwe abanyafurika n'ubuhanga bwabo
Ahavuye isanamu, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Icyegeranyo cya Dr Namusoke kigaragaza ukuntu "biteye agahinda" kubona hari bike cyane byanditswe ku bumenyi n'ubuhanga bw'abakozi b'abanyafurika mu gihe cy'ubukoloni igihe babaga bakusanya ingero z'ubwoko bw'ibintu byari biriho icyo gihe iwabo ndetse n'ibihangano.
Ati: "Hariho urugero ntanga rwo muri Kameruni kuva mu 1930 aho bigaragara ko hari akazi kenshi kakoreshejwe abanyafurika muri iryo kusanya."
"Bavumburaga kandi bagahiga inyamaswa, hari nubwo abagabo bo muri Kameruni baryamaga bubitse inda amasaha menshi bafite mu ntoki uturahure two gufatiramo ibitagangurirwa n'iminyorogoto.
"Byari bijyanye rwose no kubakoresha no kuvoma ubuhanga bwabo; kubakoresha ku buryo bw'umubiri ndetse no mu bijyanye no kwihangira ibyo bakoraga.
"Hibanzwe cyane ku bahanga b'Abanyaburayi mu kwegeranya ibyo bintu ariko hirengagizwa akazi kakozwe kugirango ibyo bishoboke."
Dore muri make ibikubiye muri icyo cyegeranyo
Ahavuye isanamu, The Fitzwilliam Museum
- Misiri nicyo gihugu cyo muri Afurika gifite ibintu by'amateka byegeranijwe n'iyo kaminuza, birimo ibintu biranga imibereho y'abantu ba kera bibarirwa mu bihumbi mirongo ndetse n’inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki za kera.
- Inzu Ndangamurage y'amateka ashingiye ku bisigazwa by' ibinyabuzima n'uburyo abantu babayeho kera ifite ibintu by'amateka bigera ku 137000, ariko munsi ya 1% nibyo byonyine byerekanywa.
- Irimo kandi n'amafoto arenga 29000 n'amashusho ya mbere y'abanyafurika kuva mu myaka ya za 1860.
- Ubwoko bw'ibinyabizima n'ibimera byo muri Afurika bigera ku 100.000 buboneka mu nzu ndangamurage y’ibinyabuzima, mu gihe iyitwa Herbarium (irimo ibimera byabitswe) ibiyirimo byinshi nta bushakashatsi bwabikozweho.
- Laboratoire ya Duckworth yita ku bisigazwa by'abantu ba kera cyane bagera ku 4800 bava mu Misiri na 1200 bo muri Sudani, ariko hari inyandiko nke zerekana uburyo ibindi bisigazwa by'abanyafurika bigera kuri 750 byakusanyijwe.
Ahavuye isanamu, Museum of Zoology
Uyu mushinga mu kitwa "Collections-Connections-Communities" (Gukusanya-Guhuza-Abaturage), akaba ari gahunda y'ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya Cambridge.
Iki cyegeranyo gisoza gitanga inama z'ukuntu harushaho gukorwa ubushakashatsi, hakabaho ubufatanye no gushishikara, cyane cyane mu ntiti z'abanyafurika n'indi miryango.
Dr Namusoke agira ati: "Ariko intambwe ikomeye ikurikiraho ni ugushaka ukuntu ibyo bintu biranga amateka ya kera byarushaho kujya ahagaragara no kwemerera abantu kubyisuzumira ubwabo."
