Agahanga k'imyaka imiriyoni imwe kaje guhindura ivyari bizwi ku mamuko y'umuntu - abahinga

Agahanga k'umuntu katowe mu Bushinwa kamaze imyaka umuriyoni kerekana ko amamuko ya kiremwamuntu yo mu bwoko bwa Homo sapiens yatanguye kubaho nibura imyaka igice c'umuriyoni imbere y'igihe twahora twiyumvira, nk'uko abashakashatsi bavyerekana mu cigwa gishasha.

Iki cigwa cerekana kandi ko twabana n'ubundi bwoko bw'amamuko yacu nyene, harimwo ubuzwi nka Neanderthals, kera cane gusumba ivyo twahora twibaza, nk'uko babivuga.

Aba bahinga bavuga ko ubushakashatsi bwabo "buhindura rwose" ivyo twari tuzi ku kungene umuntu yagiye ahindagurika, kandi ko, ari nka hamwe bwoba ari bwo, ata nkeka ko bwohindura ivyanditswe imbere y'aha kuri kahise kacu.

Ariko abandi bahinga mu kindi gisata kivuga vyinshi cane bitandukanye n'ibi ku bijanye n'ingene twabayeho kuri uno mubumbe w'isi bavuga ko ivyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bushasha ari vyiza, ariko ko ivyo kumenya ko vyoba ari ukuri bikiri kure nk'ukwezi.

Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohowe mu kinyamakuru ca siyansi bwatangaje abahinga babukoze, harimwo abo kuri kaminuza imwe yo mu Bushinwa hamwe n'ikigo ndangamurage c'Ubwongereza, Natural History Museum.

Prof Xijun Ni wo kuri kaminuza ya Fudan, yari mu bari barongoye ubu bushakashatsi, agira ati: "Kuva mu ntango, igihe twabitora, twabona umengo ni ibintu bidashoboka. Ni gute ikintu nk'iki coba cariho kuva kera cane gutyo?

"Ariko twarasubiye turabipima kenshi, mu ngero zose, dukoresha uburyo bwose bwo gupima, ubu tukaba twizigiye ivyavuyemwo, kandi turanezerewe cane".

Igihe abahinga batora aka gahanga kiswe Yunxian 2, bibajije ko kari ako mu bwoko bw'amamuko yacu bwabayeho imbere y'aho, Homo erectus, ubwoko bwa mbere bwa kiremwamuntu yari afise ubwonko. Ni kubera kabayeho imyaka hafi umuriyoni, kera cane gusumba igihe cari kizwi ko ari ho kiremwamuntu yatanguye kubaho.

Homo erectus yahavuye ahinduka, maze mu myaka 600.000 iheze acikamwo aba-Neanderthal n'ubwoko bw'amamuko yacu – Homo sapiens.

Ariko ubu bushakashatsi bushasha Yunxian 2 bwihwejwe n'abahinga batari muri aba babukoze, bwerekana ko atari Homo erectus.

Ubu biravugwa ko ubwoko bwatanguye kubaho imbere y'aho ari ubwa Homo longi, ubwoko bufitaniye isano rya hafi n'ubwitwa Neanderthals hamwe na Homo sapiens, kandi ko bwose bwabaye ku rugero rumwe rw'ihindagurika.

Ibimenyetso ndangakamere vyerekana ko bwabayeho bubangabanganywe n'ubwo, vyumvikana rero ko nimba Yunxian 2 yarabaye kw'isi imyaka umuriyoni iheze, nk'uko abahinga babivuga, n'ubwoko bwa Neanderthal bw'imbere y'aha hamwe n'ubwoko bwite bw'amamuko yacu nabwo nyene ico gihe bushobora kuba bwariho.

Ubu bushakashatsi butangaje bwahinduye cane ibihe vyerekana ingene kiremwamuntu afise ubwonko bunini yagiye ahindagurika kuva nibura imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi amajana atanu, nk'uko vyashikirijwe na Prof Chris Stringer wo mu kigo ndangamurage, Natural History Museum, ari mu bari barongoye ubwo bushakashatsi.

Avuga ko hari ahantu hashobora kuba hari ibisigarira vya Homo sapiens bimaze imyaka umuriyoni kuri uno mubumbe wacu, tukaba gusa tutarabitora.

Hari uburyo bubiri bwo kumenya neza ubwoko bw'umuntu wa kera no kumenya igihe yabaye kw'isi - gusuzuma kamere y'agahanga hamwe n'amakuru ndangakamere yaco. Ku bijanye na Yunxian 2, ubwo buryo bwompi bwarakoreshejwe, kandi bumwe bumwe bwashitse ku mwanzuro umwe.

Ariko abandi bashakashatsi, nka Dr Aylwyn Scally, umuhinga mu bijanye n'ihindagurika ndangakamere kuri kaminuza ya Cambridge, bavuga ko muri ubu buryo bwompi hari ibintu bitari bike bidatomoye.

Ati: "Umuntu ategerezwa kwitonda cane ku bijanye n'ibihe, kuko ni ibintu bigoye cane, utitaye ku vyemezo ufatirako, vyaba ibijanye n'ivyemezo ndangakamere canke ivy'ibisigarira.

"Nubwo woba ufise amakuru menshi ndangakamere, biragoye kumenya neza igihe ubwoko bw'aba bantu bwoba bwarabayeho bubangabanganywe mu myaka 100.000 canke mbere isumba iyo".

Yongerako ko, nubwo imyanzuro y'abahinga Ni na Stringer ari myiza cane, hakiri kare cane kuyemeza, kandi ko hagikenewe n'ibindi vyemezo kugira ngo tuyemeze.

Yabwiye BBC News ati: "Ibi biracarimwo igipfungu kuri twebwe, rero mu gihe imyanzuro y'ubu bushakashatsi yoshigikirwa n'ubundi bushakashatsi, ku vyiza bushingiye ku makuru amwe amwe ndangakamere, nibaza ko ari ho twoca dutangura kubwizigira cane gusumba".

Ivyemezo vya vuba tuzi ku ba-Homo sapiens ba mbere muri Afrika ni ivyo mu myaka 300.000 iheze, rero biratuma umuntu ashobora gufata ko ubwoko bw'amamuko yacu bushobora kuba bwatanguriye muri Aziya.

Ariko ubu nta vyemezo bikwiye bihari vyotuma tuvyemeza, nk'uko bivugwa na Prof Stringer, kubera hari ibisigarira vya kiremwamuntu muri Afrika n'i Bulaya na vyo bimaze imyaka umuriyoni bikenewe gushirwa muri uno mwihwezo.

Yabwiye BBC News ati: "Hari ivyemezo ndangakamere bimwe bimwe vyerekana mbere ko ubwoko bw'amamuko yacu bwoba bwabayeho imbere y'aho, bugashobora kuba bwarinjiranyemwo n'ubwabasokuruza bacu, ariko ibi ntibirashobora kwemezwa".

Ibihe vya kera vyerekana ingene kiremwamuntu yabayeho bivuga ko ubwo bwoko butatu bw'amamuko ya kiremwamuntu bwabanye kuri uno mugabane mu myaka yababa 800.000, igihe kirekire cane kuruta uko vyari bizwi, kumbure bubana kandi bukavyarana muri ico gihe.

Aya makuru mashasha afasha kandi gutahura ibisigarira vy'abantu bitari bike vyo kuva mu myaka 800.000 iheze n'imyaka 100.000 iheze abahinga batarashobora kubona neza aho bobishira n'ikibanza cavyo mu bijanye n'ibihe vy'amamuko ya kiremwamuntu.

Ariko itorwa rya Homo sapiens, Homo longi na Neanderthals riratorera umuti iki kibazo. Bisigura ko ubu ibi bisigarira bigoye kumenya umurwi vyegukira bishobora gushirwa mu mirwi mito mito yegukira umwe muri iyi mirwi itatu, canke mu bisekuruza vyayo vya kera, bizwi nka Homo erectus ya Aziya hamwe na heidelbergensis, nk'uko Prof Ni abivuga.

Ati: "Ihindagurika rya kiremwamuntu ni nk'igiti. Iki giti cari kigizwe n'amashami atari make, hakaba hari amashami nyamukuru atatu afitaniye isano rya hafi cane, hagashobora kuba harabaye ukuvyariranira hagati yayo, kandi agashobora kuba yarabanye mu kiringo hafi c'imyaka umuriyoni. Rero ibi ni ibintu bidashobora kwemerwa".

Aka gahanga kazuwe kari kumwe n'ubundi bubiri mu ntara ya Hubei. Ariko bwari bwarononekaye kandi bwararajanjaguritse, iki kikaba ari kimwe mu vyatumye Yunxian 2 ipfa gushirwa uko nyene mu bwoko bwa erectus, ni ukuvuga mu bwoko bw'umuntu ahagarara.

Mu kubusubiza ku mero yatwo ya kera, uno murwi w'abashakashatsi wa Prof Ni vyabaye ngombwa ko ubusubiramwo urabubumbabumba gushasha ukoresheje ubuhinga nyabwonko hanyuma usohora ibishushanyo vyatwo.

Kububona nk'uko bwari bumeze vyafashije aba bahinga kubutondeka nk'uwundi murwi w'abantu utandukanye kandi uteye imbere gusumba.