Rastafari, ukwemera kwavuye mu gace gakennye ka Jamaica kugakwira isi yose kubera Bob Marley

Abantu bagera ku 100,000 basabwe n’ibyishimo ubwo babonaga indege izajye Umwami w’Abami wa Ethiopia Haile Selassie yururuka ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kingston muri Jamaica muri Mata (4) 1966.

Benshi muri abo bantu bafataga Selasie nka Messiah, nk’umucunguzi, umuragwa w’icyo bitaga “Ingoma ya Salomon”: abo ni abakomoka ku kwihuza kw’Umwami Salomon wa Israel n’Umwamikazi Sheba watwaraga ubwami bwa Saba bwahoze muri iki gihe ahari Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti na Yemen.

Benshi mu bari baje kwakira Salassie ku kibuga cy’indege bari mu bagize amatsinda mato y’idini ryahohoterwaga n’abategetsi kuko ryangaga ibitekerezo by’ubukoroni byari bifite imbagara kuri iki kirwa kuva mu myaka ya 1930.

Abagize iryo tsinda bakoreshaga izina Selassie mu kuvuga abo ari bo na mbere y’uko uyu witwaga Tafari Makonnen yimikwa nk’umwami w’abami, izina rye rikabanzirizwa n’ijambo ‘Ras’ risobanuye igikomangoma, rikaba Rastafari.

Ras Igie, umwe mu bakuru bemera Rastafari uba i Kingston, yabwiye BBC Mundo, ati: “Kumwakira byari ibintu birenze, ni ikintu kitigeze kuboneka na rimwe mu mateka.

“Kandi kuri twe aba rasta bari bihishe kubera gutotezwa na leta, na rubanda, Umwami w’abami yatuzaniye twese ibyishimo bidasanzwe.”

Uyu munsi, nyuma y’imyaka za mirongo yo gutotezwa, uku kwemera kuremewe ku isi kubera injyana ya Reggae hamwe n’uwayimenyekanishije cyane ku isi, icyamamare Bob Marley (1945 – 1981).

Nubwo bisa n’aho ari ukwemera kw’abantu ugereranyije bacye (ibarura ryo mu 2011 rivuga ko 1% by’abaturage ba Jamaica, abasaga 30,000, ari abayoboke ba Rastafari) rifite imyanya mu Nteko Ishingamategeko kandi rifite ijwi ryumvwa muri icyo gihugu.

Izindi nkuru nazo wasoma:

Indamukanyo ya “One love”

Mu myaka ya 1930, uku kwemera kwahereye mu cyaro cya Jamaica ari nk’uruvange rw’amadini abiri.

Irya mbere; Ubukiristu bwazanywe n’abamisiyoneri bera, hamwe n’ukwemera kw’abakunda igihugu bahamagariraga abantu gufata Africa nk’iwabo aho bavanywe, no gutekereza kuzataha.

Rimwe mu majwi yari akomeye cyane kuri ibyo bitekerezo bya “Pan-Africanisme” ni iry’umuhanga mu mitekerereze w’umunya-Jamaica Marcus Garvey, ari nawe nyuma washingiweho ibitekerezo bya Malcom X hamwe na Nation of Islam muri Amerika.

Garvey yari umwe mu ba mbere batekereje guteza imbere ibitekerezo byo kwishyira hamwe no kwibohora kw’abirabura.

Yashyize intego ze mu ntero igira iti: “Imana Imwe, Intego Imwe, Icyerekezo kimwe”, interuro yasorezagaho imbwirwaruhame ze kandi abo mu kwemera kwa Rastafari baje gukuramo indamukanyo igira iti “One Love”.

Garvey kandi yateje imbere igitekerezo cyo kunga ubumwe kw’amoko yose y’abirabura ku isi, batatanyijwe n’imbaraga z’ubukoroni, bagahurira ku “Mana ya Ethiopia”, abisanisha n’inyandiko za Bibiliya zivuga kuri iki gihugu cyonyine cya Africa kitakoronijwe. (Ethiopia yafashwe imyaka itanu gusa n’ingabo za Benito Mussolini w’Ubutaliyani mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi)

Ibitekerezo bya Marcus Garvey byahuzaga n’iyimikwa rya Selassie nk’Umwami w’abami mu 1930 kandi byahaye itangiriro ukwemera kwa Rastafari, nk’uko umuhanga akaba n’umwalimu wa Tewolojiya wo muri Jamaica Noel Leon Erskine yabibwiye BBC Mundo.

Professor Erskine yagize ati: “Garvey, aba-Rastas bafata nk’umuhanuzi, yari yaravuze ngo ‘reba Africa, reba Ethiopia’, kandi ubwo babonaga abo mu bwami bw’Ubwongereza bunamira Haile Selassie – umwirabura - babihaye igisobanuro kidasanzwe.”

Selassie amaze kwimikwa, abayoboke ba mbere ba Rastafari nk’idini batangiye kwigisha ku mihanda muri Jamaica. Ababitangiye nka Leonard Howell batangira kubwira abatuye mu duce dukennye kwibohora no kuva ku Mwami George VI w’Ubwongereza, bakayoboka ubwami bwa Ethiopia bwa Selassie.

Mu 1934, Howell yatawe muri yombi na polisi akatirwa gufungwa imyaka ibiri ashinjwa kugandisha no kugumura rubanda, ibi byatangije imyaka 30 yakurikiyeho yo kwibasira no gukurikirana aba-rastafari muri Jamaica.

Ubwami bw’ikibi n’Ubwami bw’icyiza

Kuba rasta, Babylon isobanuye gukandamizwa. Kandi kuri bo Icyongereza ni ururimi rw’umukoloni wabambuye indimi zabo. Batangiye kwigishaga abantu kuvuga Icyongereza ariko bakoresheje/bakivanga n’andi magambo yabo.

Professor Erskine avuga ko ururimi ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu kwemera kwa Rastafari.

Ati: “Babonye ko ururimi ari intwaro ikomeye y’abakoloni. [Kuko] ikintu cya mbere bakoze bageze ku butaka bwanyu ni ukukubuza gukoresha ururimi rwawe. Abarasta banze Icyongereza, baravuga bati: ‘reka duhimbe urundi dukoresheje amajwi’.”

Ni uko bakoreshaga ijambo “Babylon” basobanura ubutegetsi bwose bukandamiza – nk’ubuvugwa ku gihe cy’ubucakara n’ubunyage bw’Abisilaheli muri Babylon mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yezu/su – banakoreshaga na “Zion” – ingoro y’amateka y’Umwami Dawidi i Yeruzalemu – mu gusobanura igitekerezo cy’ubutaka bw’isezerano.

Ras Igie yabwiye BBC uko izi ntekerezo zisobanurwa muri uko kwemera, bamwe bafata “nk’idini” kuko ari igitekerezo cyubakiye kuri “Babylon system”: “Tuzi ko mu byanditswe Babylon ari ingufu zashakaga gutegeka Isi, ingufu zikandamiza Abisilaheli.”

Arakomeza ati: “Mu guhura no guhuza k’Umwami Salomon n’Umwamikazi wa Sheba, havutse umuhungu, guhera aho, Yeruzalemu ishaje yimukiye i Yeruzalemu nshya muri Ethiopia, rero Zion ifatwa nk’icyavuye mu guhura kw’izo ngufu z’icyiza gihagarariye ubwami bw’icyiza ku Isi.”

Ubuzima i “Babylon”

Ubutumwa burwanya ubukoloni bw’ukwemera kwa Rastafari bwatumye ingabo z’Abongereza zitangira gukurikirana abafite iyo myemerere igitangira.

Nyuma yo kumara imyaka ibiri afunze, Howell yasohoye igitabo yise “Urufunguzo rw’Isezerano”, aho yerekana byinshi mu bitekerezo byaje gushingirwaho na Rastafari nk’ukwemera, nubwo ibi byamuteranyije n’abategetsi kurushaho.

Yafungiwe ahashyirwa abarwayi bo mu mutwe kuko muri icyo gitabo yise Papa [umukuru wa Gatolika ku isi] “Satani, Sekibi” kandi avugamo “kuba hejuru y’abandi kw’abirabura.”

Asohotse aho, yashinze umuryango w’aba-rasta, uzwi nka Pinnacle, mu gace ka St Catherine mu majyepfo y’ikirwa cya Jamaica. Ibi nanone byamusubije mu mboni z’abategetsi, yarongeye akatirwa gufungwa imyaka ibiri muri gereza ku byaha byo kugumura no kugandisha rubanda.

Kwibasirwa byarakomeje, mu myaka ya 1950 abategetsi basheshe wa muryango Pinnacle yashinze, kandi mu 1963 ubushyamirane bw’abategetsi n’aba-rasta bwari bugeze ku gasongero, urugomo rukabije rwatumye leta itegeka ko aba-rasta bose aho bari hose bafatwa “ari bazima cyangwa bapfuye”.

Nubwo nta mibare iriho yatangajwe n’abategetsi bivugwa ko mu mezi yakurikiyeho aba-rasta barenga 150 bafashwe bagakorerwa iyicarubozo maze bakicwa.

Kristu wa kabiri waje

Ras Igie yabwiye BBC ati: “Habaye itsembatsemba ndetse no kubambwa. Twe Abarasta twasabye Umwami w’Abami kuturengera no kuducungura.

“Ni uko Umwami w’Abami yaje muri Jamaica hashize imyaka itatu.”

Amashusho yerekana imbaga y’abantu bisimye cyane ibyiganira kwakira Selassie, n’uburyo nawe yabaramukije n’ubwuzu bwinshi. Kandi urugendo rwe n’amagambo yabwiye leta ya Jamaica byatumye ihohoterwa ku ba rasta rigabanuka, nubwo ritashize burundu.

Kubwa Ras Igie, ibi byashyize Selassie ku rwego nk’urw’imana, “Kristu wa kabiri uje”.

Yongeraho ati: “Kimwe na Kristu, wamaze iminsi itatu n’amajoro atatu mu butaka bw’Isi, twabonye kuzuka mu minsi itatu [Selassie] yamaze muri Jamaica.”

Professor Erskine avuga ko muri urwo rugendo, Selassie yabwiye Abarasta ko we, nk’umukristu, atari we Messiah kandi yasabye ko muri Jamaica bashinga ishami ry’itorero Orthodox rya Africa.

Ni iki Abarasta bamusubije?

Ni uko na Yesu/zu yakoze nk’ibi. Bamubwiye ko ubwo Yezu bamwitaga Messiah yasubije ko nta mpamvu yo kumwita Imana.

“Si idini, ni ubuzima”

Abajijwe niba Rastafari ishobora kuba “idini”, Ras Igie asubiza adashidikanya ko ari imyemerere ishingiye ku “ubuzima”, “imibereho mu butabera n’uburinganire bwa bose”, imibereho yo kwakira no kwihanganira ingorane mu buzima mu kwiyumanganya na ‘meditation’, hamwe no gukoresha mu rugero igihingwa gitagatifu, ganja, cyagwa urumogi.

Rastafari, kimwe n’andi madini yigisha ‘meditation’, kuri yo ibisubizo byinshi biva muri wowe aho kuva hanze mu bandi.

Kubwa Ras Igie, imibereho irimo nko kutarya inyama, “kutikoza umushyo ku mutwe” – bisobanura impamvu batiyogoshesha – ‘meditation’ no gufata urumogi mu rugero, bisobanura ko ushobora kugera ku rwego rw’ijambo Yah, umuremyi.

Bamwe banenga uko Rastafari ifata umugore, cyane cyane igitangira, kuko yamushyiraga ku rwego rw’umuntu wo hasi. Ariko Ras Igie avuga ko iyo myumvire yari ishingiye ku nyandiko zimwe za Bibiliya yagiye ivugururwa n’ibiragano (generations) bishya by’abantu byagiye biza, uyu munsi umugore akaba afite uruhare rukomeye muri Rastafari.

Ati: “Uyu munsi, umugore wa Haile Selassie arubahwa by’ikirenga, yimikiwe rimwe n’umwami, kandi izo mbaraga z’umwami n’umwamikazi bigize ibyo ab’ubu babonamo n’umugore.”

Gukwira kwa reggae ku isi

Professor Erskine yibuka ko ubwo yakuraga, muri Jamaica ingoma cyari igikoresho kibujijwe mu nsengero.

Ati: “Nkura mu myaka ya za 40, bamwe mu bantu bakuru bari bakivuza ingoma. Ndibuka ko najyaga kuryama ingoma zikivuga, ijoro ryose.”

Kuri Erskine, ubuhanga budasanzwe bwa Bob Marley bwabaye kuvanga cya gikoresho kitemewe mu nsengero – gifatwa nk’igishenzi n’abakoloni ariko kivuzwa hose mu mihanda – n’ubutumwa bwa Rastafari.

Nibwo buryo yabashije gukwiza hose ku isi ubutumwa bw’uko kwemera.

Erskine ati: “Bob Marley yageze ku bantu benshi kurusha abo itorero ryari kugeraho riciye kuri radio. Aba bantu bafatwaga nk’abo hasi kurusha abandi muri sosiyete, batagiraga inkweto, batagiye mu ishuri, babashije kwigaragaza biciye mu muziki.”

Gusa kwamamara kwa Reggae kwabaye inkota y’amugi abiri ku kwemera kwa Rastafari, nk’uko Ras Igie yabibwiye BBC.

Ati: “Ikiragano gishya, cyo mu myaka ya za 70, cyihuje cyane n’injyana ya reggae, maze tubona ubushobozi no kwigenga mu bijyanye n’imari.

“Ariko uyu munsi reggae isa n’iyavangiwe n’ibyo twakwita uburenganzira bwo guhanga n’inyungu. Iyi njyana irimo guhinduka kandi iragenda icyendera itakaza umwimerere wa reggae.”

Kuri Ras Igie, inyungu za reggae zigomba gusangirwa n’umuryango mugari w’abarasta: “Bityo buri wese akungukira muri uyu muziki w’igitangaza wadushyize ku ikarita y’isi.”

Ibisa n’ibyo biba kandi ku isoko ry’urumogi n’imiryango y’abarasta.

Igie avuga ko abantu be bakomeza gukurikiranwa kuko bahinze urumogi (ganja) rwo gukoresha mu buzima bwabo, mu gihe ubuhinzi n’ubucuruzi bw’iki cyatsi ari business ikomeye “igamije inyungu”.

Hejuru y’ibyo byose ariko, ikidashidikanywaho ni uko ukwemera kwa Rastafari kwabaye kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi mu buzima bwa Jamaica, nk’uko Professor Erskine abivuga: Ati: “Sinibaza ko bishoboka kuvuga umuco nyawo wa Jamaica utavuze Rasta.”