Ƴan tawayen da duniya ta amince da su a matsayin shugabanni

Daga Jeremy Howell

Ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da Amurka da Burtaniya da Turkiyya sun ƙulla hulɗar diflomasiyya da shugaban Syria Ahmed al-Sharaa.

Wannan dai na faruwa ne duk da cewa wasu ƙasashen sun ayyana ƙungiyar da yake jagoranta, Hayat Tahrir al-Shams (HTS), a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci saboda alaƙar da ta yi da ƙungiyar al-Qaeda a baya.

Cikin kwanakin nan Amurka ta soke tukwicin dala miliyan 10 da ta shirya bayarwa domin kama al-Sharaa.

Al-Sharaa (wanda a baya aka sani da Abu Mohammed al-Jolani) zai iya bin sahun mutanen da aka yi wa laƙabi da ƴan ta'adda amma daga baya aka fara ɗaukarsu a matsayin halastattun shugabannin siyasa.

Ga wasu shahararrun misalai guda huɗu daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Menachem Begin – daga zama shugaban ƙungiyar Irgun, ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel

Menachem Begin shi ne Firaministan Isra'ila da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat a shekarar 1978, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen rikicin da ke tsakanin maƙwabtan tsawon shekara 30. Yarjejeniyar da aka fi sani da 'Camp David Accords', ta yi ya sa shugabanni biyu sanadiyar lashe kyatar zaman lafiya ta Nobel.

Amma a shekarun 1940 ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Irgun, wata ƙungiyar yahudawa masu ɗauke da makamai wadda ta shahara wurin kai hare-hare kan hukumomin Burtaniya da na Falasɗinawa a yankin Falasɗinu kafin lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ƙasar Isra'ila.

An haife shi a shekarar 1913, a Rasha, ya yi karatun zama lauya a ƙasar Poland inda ya shiga wata ƙungiyar matasan Yahudawa da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ze'ev Jabotinsky.

A lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu sojojin Soviet sun kama shi kuma suka sanya shi cikin sojojin Poland don yaƙar Jamus. Bayan ya bar soja ya koma birnin Ƙudus, ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar masu fafutuka, Irgun Zwai Leumi don yi wa mulkin Birtaniya a yankin Falasɗinu maƙarƙashiya.

A shekarar 1946, Irgun ta kai harin bam a otel ɗin King David da ke birnin Ƙudus, inda ta kashe mutum 91.

A shekara ta 1948, ƙungiyar ta kasance da hannu cikin kisan gillar da aka yi wa Falasɗinawa da dama a garin Deir Yassin da ke kusa da birnin Ƙudus. Labarin haka ne ya fara haddasa gudun hijirar Larabawa daga Falasdinu jim kaɗan kafin a kafa Isra'ila.

Bayan da aka kafa ƙasar Isra'ila a watan Mayun shekara ta 1948, Begin ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Herut mai tsatsaurar ra'ayi kuma a shekarar 1977 ya zama firaminisata a matsayinsa na shugaban haɗakar Likud.

A wannan shekarar, Nbegin ya fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya da shugaba Anwar Sadat na Masar. Wannan tattaunawar ne ta haifar da yarjejeniyar Camp david na shekarar 1978, lokacin da Masar ta zama ƙasar larabawa ta farko da ta amince da ƙasar Isra'ila.

An ba da ƙyatar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 1978 ga Begin da Sadat saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar wajen samar da zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Duk da haka, an yi mummunar zanga-zangar adawa da Begin a lokacin da ya ziyarci babban birnin Norway, Oslo, don karɓar kyautar, lamarin da ya tilasta aka sauya wurin gudanar da bikin zuwa ginin Akershus Fortress saboda dalilan tsaro.

Shekaru 30 kafin ya karɓi kyautar zaman lafiyar, hukumomin Burtaniya a yankin Falasdinu sun sanya tukwicin dala 50,000 saboda kama shi a matsayin ɗan ta'adda da ake nema ruwa a jallo.

Yasser Arafat - daga fafutukar neman ƴanci ya zama mai tabbatar da zaman lafiya da Isra'ila

Tsohon shugaban falasɗinawa Yasser Arafat yab sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da aka ƙulla tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasɗinawa a shekarar 1993, wadda ta kai ga ƙirƙirar hukumar Falasɗinawa (PA) da ya bai wa falasɗinawa ƴancin cin gashin kanta a zirin Gaza da kuma wani ɓangaren Gaɓar yamma da kogin Jordan.

Arafat ya zama shugaban hukumar Falasɗinawa (PA) na farko a shekarar 1994 -Mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ya rasu a shekara ta 2004. Shi ma ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel.

An haifi Arafat ne a shekarar 1929 a Alkahira, babban birnin ƙasar masar. Mahaifinsa ya kasance bafalasɗine ɗan kasuwa.

A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a ƙasar Masar, ya yanke shawarar fara gwagwarmaya da Isra'ila don kawo ƙarshen abin da Falasdinawa ke kira al-Nakba, ko kuma Bala'i na 1948.

Wannan shi ne lokacin da aka kafa ƙasar Isra'ila kuma Falasdinawa kusan 750,000 aka tilastawa barin gidajensu a cikin yankin.

Arafat ne ya kafa ƙungiyar Fatah - ƙungiyar ƴantar da Falasɗinawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 tare da sauran ƴan ƙasashen waje, kuma ya zama shugaban reshenta na soja.

Tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1964, ta kai hare-haren ta'addanci a kan Isra'ila daga yankunan da ke makwabtaka da ita.

A shekarar 1969, ƙungiyar ƙasashen Larabawa da ƙungiyar ƙasashen Larabawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, ta zaɓi Arafat a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƴantar da Falasdinu (PLO).

A cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, ɓangarori da ke cikin wannan ƙungiya sun aikata kisan gilla, da tada bama-bamai da kuma satar mutane.

Arafat bai taɓa cewa komai kan waɗannan al'amura ba amma ya ce ya yi tir da ayyukan ta'addanci. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai gwagwarmayar neman ƴanci".

A shekarar 1974, ya shaidawa wa babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa ya zo "yana ɗauke da reshen zaitun da bindigar gwagwarmayar neman ƴanci - kada ku bari reshen zaitun ya fado daga hannuna".

A shekarar 1987, Amurka ta ayyana PLO a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci tare da haramta wa Arafat shiga ƙasar.

A shekarar 1988, Arafat ya fito fili ya yi tir da ayyukan ta'addanci a madadin ƙungiyar PLO.

A cikin 1993, ya yi sulhu da Isra'ila kuma ya amince da ƴancin kasancewata a matasyin ƙasa a yarjejeniyar Oslo. Haka kuma an bai wa Falasdinawa ƴancin cin gashinkansu a zirin Gaza da wani ɓangare na gabar yamma da kogin Jordan a ƙarƙashin ikon PA.

Don wannan, an ba shi kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekarar1994.

Lokacin da Arafat ya rasu, wakilai daga ƙasashe sama da 50, ciki har da Amurka, sun halarci jana'izar sa a birnin Alkahira.

Martin McGuinness - kwamandan IRA wanda ya yi musabiha da Sarauniya

Martin McGuinness ya kasance babban kwamandan ƙungiyar IRA (Irish Republican Army), waɗanda suka aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci a Ireland ta Arewa tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990 da nufin kawo ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniya a Ireland ta arewa da kuma tabbatar cewa Ireland ta dunƙule wuri guda.

Duk da haka, bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin Yarjejeniyar 'Good Friday' na 1998, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru talatin na tashin hankali da aka sani da 'Troubles', McGuinness ya zama Mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Ireland ta arewa.

An haifi McGuinness a yankin Bogside da ke Londonderry a Ireland ta Arewa a shekarar 1950 kuma ya shiga rundunar IRA a ƙarshen shekarun 1960s.

A shekarar 1972, lokacin da Sojojin Burtaniya suka kashe mutane 13 a harin da aka fi sani da "Bloody Sunday" a Londonderry, shi ne na biyu a matsayin shugaban IRA a birnin.

Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya gano cewa cikin mutanen da aka kashe babu wanda ke yin wata barazana ga sojojin.

An ɗaure McGuinness a gidan yari a shekarar 1973, bayan kama shi a kusa da wata mota da ke ɗauke da bama-bamai da harsashai 5,000.

An zarge shi da laifin kashe wasu masu ba da bayanan sirri da wasu mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su, kuma an zarge shi da cewa yana da masaniya kan wani harin bam da aka kai a faretin bikin tunawa da mazan jiya a Enniskillen a Ireland ta arewa a shekarar 1987, wanda ya kashe mutane 11 tare da jikkata wasu fiye da 60. Amma ya musanta hakan.

Duk da haka, ya kuma shiga tattaunawa da wakilan Burtaniya, inda ya share fagen tabbatar da tsagaita wuta ta IRA da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka fi sani da 'Good Friday agreement.'

Bayan zama Mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Ireland ta Arewa, ya la'anci ƴan adawa da suka ci gaba da tashin hankali a matsayin "masu cin amanar tsibirin Ireland".

Ya gana da arauniya Elizabeth ta biyu fiye da sau ɗaya, inda suka yi musabiha ta ita.

Alama ce ta yadda zamani ya sauya. A shekarar 1979, IRA ta kashe ɗan uwan ​​Saruniya, Lord Louis Mountbatten, a lokacin da yake cikin jirgin ruwa a gabar tekun Ireland.

Ɗan ƙungiyar ƴan tawaye wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Colombia

A shekara 2012, yana da shekaru 62, an zaɓi Gustavo Petro a matsayin Shugaban Colombia - mai ra'ayin kawo sauyi na farko da ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙasar.

Ya taɓa kasancewa mamba na ƙungiyar M-19, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu ɗauke da makamai a ƙasar, kuma an taɓa daure shi bisa laifin mallakar makamai.

Gustavo Petro ya girma ne a Zipaquira, wani garin da ake hako gishiri kusa da Bogota babban birnin ƙasar.

Yana da shekaru 17, yayin da yake karatun tattalin arziki a jami'a a Bogota, ya shiga ƙungiyar M-19.

Wannan wata kungiya ce ta ƴan daba wadda akla raɗa wa sunan ranar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Colombia a 1970 wanda da dama daga ɓangaren masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi ke tunanin an tabka magudi.

A shekarar1979, mambobin M-19 sun yi wani kutse a sansanin soji a Bogota kuma sun sace makamai ɗimbin masu yawa.

A shekarar1980, ƙungiyar ta kai farmaki ofishin jakadancin Jamhuriyar Dominican kuma ta yi garkuwa da mutane 50 da suka halarci wani liyafa.

Petro ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a duk wani aikin ta'addanci da tashin hankali.

A 1985, an kama shi da alburusai da abubuwan fashewa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa sharri aka yi masa , kuma ya ce an azabtar da shi bayan da aka kama shi. Ya yi watanni 18 a tsare a gidan yarin sojoji.

A lokacin da Petro ke gidan yari, M-19 ta aiwatar da aikin ta'addancinta mafi muni, inda ta kai farmaki ma'aikatar shari'a a Bogota inda ta yi garkuwa da ɗaruruwan mutane.

Dakarun ƙasar Colombia sun gwabza faɗa na sa'o'i 27 domin kwato ginin inda mutane kusan 100 suka mutu.

A shekarar 1990, M-19 ta rushe kuma ta zama halastacciyar jam'iyyar siyasa, ,mai suna Democratic Alliance M-19.

Daga baya ya zama ɗan majalisa, ya zama sanata kuma ya yi magajin garin Bogota. Ya lashe zaben shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2022.