Ni nde muntu wa mbere yakoze indege? Bivana n'uwo ubajije

Iki kibazo gishobora kuba kiboneka nk'igisanzwe: ni nde muntu wa mbere yakoze indege?

Ariko nticoroshe nk'uko umuntu yovyibaza. Mu bisanzwe ni ikibazo kimaze ikinjana cose giharirwako.

Abanyamerika batari bake bemeza ko abafundi b'amakinga bakaba n'aba-injeniyeri mu bumenyi bwabo mvukanwa Orville na Wilbur Wright ari bo mamuko y'ivy'indege, inyuma y'urugendo rwabo rwa mbere mu kirere mu 1903.

Ku rundi ruhande, Abanyabrezili bemeza ko iki ari igikorwa ca Alberto Santos Dumont, samuragwa w'umuryango wifashe warima ikawa, ari na we yakoze urugendo rwa mbere rwemejwe n'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu rigenzura ivy'indege (International Aeronautical Federation) i Paris mu wa 1906.

None ni nde ari mu kuri?

Santos Dumont: Uwa mbere yaguruye indege ku mugaragaro

Mu ntango y'ikinjana ca 20, abahinga batari bake bariko bagerageza guhingura imashini ifise imoteri yari gushobora gushika ku ndoto ya kiremwa muntu yo kuguruka, indoto yari imaze igihe kirekire.

Indiri n'indiri barisukiriye i Paris mu Bufaransa, ico gihe iki gisagara kikaba cari ikibanza ciza co guhinguriramwo indege iguruka.

Cari gifise amashure meza y'ubuhinga n'uburyo bwo gufasha mu bushakashatsi mu bisata nk'ivy'uguhingura icuma, mekanike (mécanique), fizike (physique) na shimi (chimie).

"Bumva ko cari ikibazo c'akanya gato", bivugwa n'umuhinga mu vya kahise w'Umufaransa Prof Jean-Pierre Blay.

Ico gihe, abantu bari bashashaye gushika ku ntego yabo yo guhingura indege barateguye urutonde rw'ivyo babona ko ari nkenerwa kugira ngo bashobore kubona indege ya mbere igurutse muri kahise ka kiremwamuntu.

Muri ivyo, harimwo ko indege yihagurutsa yonyene, idafashijwe n'ikintu na kimwe, kandi ikamara umwanya muremure mu kirere, abantu bakavyibonera kandi bakavyandika.

Ni ho ku wa 12 Munyonyo (11) 1906 Santos Dumont yakwiza ibisabwa vyose maze araguruka ku metero 220 hejuru y'isinzi ry'abantu i Paris, mu ndege yiswe 14-bis.

Mu mwaka wakurikiye, uno mudereva w'indege wo muri Brezili yasohoye indege nshasha yise Demoiselle, indege ya mbere kw'isi yose yari ihwahutse kandi yahinguwe ku bwinshi.

Gushikiriza ivyemezo

Mu 1908 ni ho abavukanyi bo mu muryango wa Wright bahaguruka bakemeza ko ari bo ba mbere batanguye kuguruka mu ndege imyaka itanu imbere y'aho.

Abafaransa baguye mu gahundwe. Kubera amakete yama ariko ahanahanwa hagati y'amashirahahwe y'indege yo muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'ay'i Bulaya, bari bazi ko bari mw'ihiganwa ryo guhingura indege ya mbere ishobora kuva hasi ikamara ikiringo kirekire mu kirere, gusa hari haciye imyaka myinshi Abanyabulaya batumva ivy'abavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright.

Aba bavukanyi bavuze ko bari barindiriye ko ivyemezo vy'ubuhinga bwabo vyemezwa kandi ko bari bafise ubwoba ko ubuhinga bwabo bwibwa.

Ariko ikizwi ni uko abantu batanu bonyene ari bo bumvikanye bavuga ko babonye indege yabo mu kirere ku wa 17 Kigarama (12) 1903 ahitwa Kitty Hawk mu ntara ya Carolina ya Ruguru.

Mu vyemezo bike cane bihari ni ubutumwa bwa telegaramu (telegram), amasanamu makeya hamwe n'ikinyamakuru ca Orville.

Abahinga nka Henrique Lins de Barros yahoze arongoye ikigo ndangamurage c'ivy'ubuhinga Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences muri Brezili ntibavyemera.

Aba bakavuga ko Orville we nyene ubwiwe yanditse mu gitabo ciwe ko ico gihe hari umuyaga wari ku muvuduko w'ibirometero vyababa 40 kw'isaha (40 km/h) – umuvuduko ushobora kuba wari ukwiye kugira ngo ushobore guhagurutsa indege hatarinze kwifashishwa imoteri.

Abashigikiye abavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright ntibavyemera, bakavuga kandi ko izindi ndege zari zikozwe ku buhinga buteye imbere zifatiye kuri iyo ya mbere zahinguwe hagati ya 1904 na 1905, imbere y'uko iyi ndege ya 14-bis iguruka mu kirere ca Paris.

"Muri ico gitondo [17 Kigarama 1903] ni ho aba bavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright bashoboye kuguruka neza ku buryo bemera mu mutima wabo bwite ko bari batoye umuti w'ico kibazo."

Ivyo bivugwa n'umuhinga mu vya kahise Tom Crouch, yahoze ajejwe inzu ndangamurage w'ivy'ikirere National Air and Space Museum y'ahitwa Smithsonian muri Amerika, akaba n'umwanditsi w'ibitabo bitari bike ku bavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright.

Ati: "Hari utuntu twinshi bari basigaje gushira ku murongo, ariko bari bahinguye indege kandi yari yagurutse".

Utu tuntu twose twari dusigaye tuboneka ko twatunganijwe mu mpisho, gushika mu 1908 igihe bakora isekeza ryo kurondera kwemerwa ko ari bo ba mbere bakoze indege.

Aba bavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright barazungurutse i Bulaya, aho batunganije ingendo zo mu kirere zirenga 200 zo kwerekana ubuhinga bwabo mu bihugu nk'Ubufaransa n'Ubutaliyano, gushika ku birometero 124 mu rugendo rumwe gusa.

Prof. Blay agira ati: "Abo mu miryango y'i bwami i Bulaya barasavye kwicara iruhande ya Wilbur mu ndege. Vyafatwa nk'iteka rikomeye".

Aho rero ni ho abantu nk'Umufaransa Ferdinand Ferber umwe mu bahinga ba mbere mu vy'indege bahava bemera ivyavugwa n'aba bavukanyi bo mu muryango wa Wright, bavuga ko indege yashobora gukoreshwa neza itashobora guhingurwa mw'ijoro rimwe.

Imbarutso

Ariko, izi ndege zari zahinguwe ku buhinga buteye imbere zerekanywe i Bulaya ntizari zifise amapine, zikaba rero zari zikeneye imbarutso kugira ngo zishobore guhaguruka. Iki cabaye ikintu cateje impari.

Ababanegura bavuga ko imoteri y'iyi ndege ata nguvu zikwiye yari ifise, kandi ko kugira ngo ishobore kuguruka vyasaba imbarutso, mu gihe abandi nabo bavuga ko iyi mbarutso yakoreshwa kubera aba bavukanyi bashaka kugurukira ku kibuga ico ari co cose.

Ariko rero burya impari ntizigarukira aho: Santos Dumont hamwe n'abavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright si bo bonyene biyitirira ivy'indege.

Gustav Weisskopf yari Umudagi yaba muri Amerika yavugwa ko yagurutse mu 1901.

Richard Pearse wo muri Nouvelle-Zelande bivugwa ko na we nyene yaguruye indege muri Ntwarante (3) 1903.

Hariho n'ivyemezo kandi vyerekana ko John Goodman n'umuryango rwiwe bagendesheje indege ya mbere kw'isi yarimwo abantu - naho nyene itakoreshwa n'imoteri – mu micungararo y'igisagara ca Howick muri Afrika y'Epfo mbere n'imbere y'aho mu 1871. Nkako, icibutso c'indege itwara abantu kiracahari gushika uno musi.

Kubera ibi vyose, bamwe mu bahinga mu bijanye n'indege babona ko impari zose ku bijanye n'uwatanguje indege ataco zimaze.

Paul Jackson, yabaye umwanditsi mukuru w'ikinyamakuru c'ivy'indege Janes All the World's Aircraft mu myaka 25, agira ati: "Nta kintu cavutse bukwi na bukwi, ku musi umwe, aho umuntu yavutse, hanyuma agakora igishushanyo akavuga ati: 'Ehe rero, ng'iyi indege nyayo".

Yongerako ati: "Cabaye akigoro rusangi k'abantu mirongo, canke mbere amajana, bose bakoreye hamwe".

Ubuhinga bukwiye guhabwa icubahiro gikwiye

Jackson yemera ko abatanguje ibijanye n'indege nka Santos Dumont, Weisskopf be n'abandi benshi bakeneye guhabwa icubahiro gusumba ico basanzwe bahabwa.

Uno muhinga mu vy'indege w'Umwongereza agira ati: "Ariko birangira ari abantu bamenyekana cane hamwe n'abanyamategeko bahembwa imishahara minini ari bo bashimiwe".

Ati: "Ikintu kibabaje ni uko iyo uravye vyinshi mu bintu vyatangujwe mu binjana vya 19 na 20, usanga vyitirirwa abatari bo".

Aravuga nk'umuhinga w'umunya-Ecosse Alexander Graham Bell yitirirwa ko ari we yatoye terefone, nubwo ubu iki giteje impari. Nkako, mu 2002 inama nshingamateka ya Amerika yaremeye ko nubwo ari we yitiriwe iki gikoresho, mu bisanzwe catowe n'Umutaliyano nyarucari Antonio Meucci yari yarakoranye na Bell.

Marcia Cummings ni umugenzi wa Glenn Hammond Curtiss, umwe mu batanguje indege muri Amerika yitwariwe n'abavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright - guhera mu 1909 – bamwagiriza guhonyanga amategeko ajanye n'uburenganzira bw'umuntu ku gikorwa ciwe yakoze.

Uno musi Cummings yandika mu kinyamakuru co ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi giharira ku vyavuzwe n'aba bavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright.

Cummings yemeza ko aba bavukanyi b'umuryango wa Wright bakoze n'ibigirankana kugira ngo bakure muri kahise abantu nka Curtiss.

Amanda Wright Lane, umwuzukuruza wa Orville na Wilbur asanzwe akora uko ashoboye mu kuzigama iragi ryabo, arahakana iki ciyumviro: "Nk'umuntu nzi uyu muntu ico yari ari, sinibaza ko Orville [Wilbur yapfuye mu 1912] yari kwiruka ku muntu n'ibigirankana".

Yongerako ati: "Ariko yari kurwanira ivyo we na Wilbur bakoze, hamwe n'ukuri ku bikorwa vyabo".