Ni iki kibera mu bwonko bwacu iyo turimo gupfa?

Umuhanga mu rwungano rw'imyakura ('nervous system' cyangwa 'système nerveux') n'imikorere y'ubwonko, Dr Jimo Borjigin, yaratunguwe nyuma yo kubona ko burya ibyo tuzi ari "hafi ya nta byo" ku bijyanye n'ibibera mu bwonko iyo turimo gupfa, nubwo urupfu ari "igice cy'ingenzi cyane cy'ubuzima".

Uko kubitahura gutyo yakugezeho mu myaka irenga 10 ishize, mu buryo avuga ko bwamugwiririye.

Yabwiye BBC Mundo, ishami rya BBC ritangaza amakuru mu rurimi rw'Icyespanyole, ati: "Twarimo dukorera amagerageza ku mbeba tunagenzura imisemburo zivubura ivuye mu bwonko nyuma yuko zibazwe kwa muganga [ibizwi nka 'intervention chirurgicale']."

Mu buryo butunguranye, ebyiri muri zo zirapfa.

Ibyo byatumye ashobora gukurikirana igikorwa cy'urupfu rw'ubwonko bwazo.

Yaribajije ati: "Imwe muri izo mbeba yavubuye 'sérotonine' [ubwoko bwa aside] nyinshi cyane. Iyi mbeba yaba hari ibyo yari irimo gutekereza ko birimo kuba kandi mu by'ukuri bitarimo kuba?"

Arasobanura ati: "'Sérotonine' ifitanye isano no gutekereza ko ibintu birimo kuba kandi mu by'ukuri bitarimo kuba."

Ubwo buryo bwo gutekereza cyangwa kwibwira ko ibintu birimo kuba kandi bitarimo kuba buzwi mu Gifaransa (cyangwa mu Cyongereza) nka 'hallucinations'.

Uko kuvubura 'sérotonine' - ikinyabutabire kigenga ibyiyumvo by'umuntu ('humeur' cyangwa 'mood') - kwamuteye amatsiko.

Ati: "Rero natangiye gukora ubushakashatsi mu gihe cyo mu mpera y'icyumweru, ntekereza ko hagomba kuba hari igisobanuro [cyabyo]. Natunguwe no gusanga twari tuzi ibintu bicye cyane ku gikorwa cy'urupfu."

Kuva icyo gihe, Dr Borjigin, wigisha ibijyanye n'imikorere y'umubiri (cyangwa 'physiologie moléculaire et intégrative') hamwe n'ubumenyi bujyanye n'indwara zibasira urwungano rw'imyakura (neurologie) kuri Kaminuza ya Michigan muri Amerika, yihebeye ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'ikibera mu bwonko mu gihe tuba turimo gupfa.

Avuga ko ibyo yavumbuye bitandukanye n'ibyo abantu batekerezaga.

Igisobanuro cy'urupfu

Uyu muhanga asobanura ko mu gihe kirekire cyashize, iyo umuntu yabaga adakoma nyuma yuko umutima uhagaze, yafatwaga mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi ko yapfuye.

Muri icyo gikorwa, amaso ahangwa ku mutima. Ati: "Havugwa guhagarara kw'umutima ariko ntihavugwa guhagarara kw'ubwonko.

"Uko siyanse ibyumva ni uko ubwonko busa nk'ubudakora kuko nta gisubizo gihari [umuntu aba adakoma]: aba bantu ntibashobora kuvuga, ntibashobora guhaguruka, ntibashobora kwicara."

Ubwonko bucyenera umwuka mwinshi wa 'oxygène' kugira ngo bushobore gukora. Iyo umutima udahaga (guhaga nk'uhaga umupira) amaraso, uwo mwuka wa 'oxygène' ntubugeraho.

Arasobanura ati: "Rero ibyo byose bituma habaho kwemeza ko ubwonko butagikora, cyangwa nibura ko bukora gacye bukaba budakora cyane."

Nyamara ubushakashatsi bw'itsinda rye bugaragaza ikintu gitandukanye.

Ubwonko buba 'burimo gukorana imbaraga nyinshi cyane'

Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbeba mu mwaka wa 2013, abashakashatsi babonye ko habayeho gukora cyane kw'imyakura myinshi yo mu bwonko izwi nka 'neurotransmetteurs' nyuma yuko umutima w'izo nyamaswa uhagaze.

Dr Borjigin ati: "'Sérotonine' yikubye inshuro 60, ndetse 'dopamine', ni ukuvuga ikinyabutabire gituma umuntu yumva amerewe neza muri we, yikubye inshuro ziri hagati ya 40 na 60."

"'Norépinéphrine, umukaya ukaba n'ikinyabutabire gituma tuba maso cyane, yikubye inshuro 100."

Uyu muhanga mu rwungano rw'imyakura n'imikorere y'ubwonko avuga ko bidashoboka kubona ibigero (ikigero) biri hejuru gutyo igihe iyo nyamaswa ari nzima.

Mu mwaka wa 2015, itsinda rye ryatangaje (ryasohoye) ubundi bushakashatsi ku bwonko bw'imbeba iyo zirimo gupfa.

Arasobanura ati: "Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwombi [ubwo mu 2013 n'ubwo mu 2015], inyamaswa zose 100% zagaragaje gukora cyane kw'ubwonko.

"Ubwonko buba burimo gukorana imbaraga nyinshi cyane, burimo gukora birenze."

Imiraba ya gamma (Ondes gamma)

Mu mwaka wa 2023, aba bahanga muri siyanse batangaje ubushakashatsi bakoreye ku barwayi bane bari bari muri koma (coma) ndetse bari barimo gufashwa guhumeka, bacometse ku buryo bwa gihanga buzwi nka 'électrodes' kugira ngo imikorere y'ubwonko ishobore gusesengurwa.

Abo bantu bane bari barimo gupfa. Abaganga n'imiryango y'abo bantu bari bateranye ndetse, "mu gutekereza ko ibyabo birangiye, bafashe icyemezo cyo kubareka bakigendera".

Nyuma yo guhabwa uruhushya n'abo mu miryango yabo, ibyuma byongera ubuhehere bw'umwuka (ventilateurs) byo kugarura ubuyanja (réanimation), byatumaga abo bakomeza kugira ubuzima, byaracomokowe.

Nuko aba bashakashatsi basanga ko babiri muri abo barwayi bari bafite ubwonko bukora cyane, ibyo bikaba bifite icyo bivuze (bihishura) ku mikorere yo mu bwonko.

Imiraba ya 'gamma' (cyangwa 'ondes gamma') - ni ukuvuga imiraba yo mu bwonko ya mbere yihuta cyane - na yo yaragaragaye. Imiraba ya 'gamma' ikora mu bijyanye no kwibuka no gutunganya amakuru y'urusobe.

Umwe mu barwayi yagaragazaga gukora cyane mu bice by'imbere (lobes temporaux) by'impande ebyiri z'ubwonko.

Dr Borjigin avuga ko agace k'ihuriro (ry'impande) ko hagati ahasubira iburyo ku bwonko kazwiho kuba ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umuntu agira impuhwe.

Ati: "Abarwayi benshi barokotse ihagarara ry'umutima [ndetse babayeho, banyuze] mu bintu aho urupfu ruba rwabaho igihe icyo ari cyo cyose [ibizwi nka 'expériences de mort imminente' (EMI) cyangwa 'near-death experience' (NDE)] bavuga ko ibyo byabagize beza, ko bashobora kugirira impuhwe abandi."

Uko biba bimeze iyo umuntu ashobora gupfa akanya ako ari ko kose

Abantu bamwe babayeho mu bihe aho umuntu aba ashobora gupfa mu kanya ako ari ko kose, bavuga ko ubuzima bwabo babubonye buri hafi kubaca mu myanya y'intoki cyangwa bakibuka ibihe by'ingenzi byo muri icyo gihe.

Benshi bavuga ko babonye urumuri rwinshi cyane, naho abandi bavuga ukuntu bibonye basohoka hanze y'umubiri no kubona ibibera hejuru.

Ugukora cyane kw'ubwonko Dr Borjigin yabonye mu bushakashatsi bwe, gushobora gusobanura impamvu abantu bamwe babayeho mu bihe birimo kubamo ibintu byinshi bikomeye aho ku muryango w'urupfu?

Arasubiza ati: "Yego, ntekereza ko ari uko bimeze."

"Nibura hagati ya 20% na 25% by'abarokotse ihagarara ry'umutima bavuga ko babonye urumuri rw'umweru, babonye ikintu runaka, byumvikanisha ko igice kirimo amaso kiba gikora."

Mu rugero rwa ba barwayi babiri, ahabonetse ugukora cyane kw'ubwonko nyuma yuko ibyuma byongera ubuhehere bw'umwuka bihagaritswe, uyu mushakashatsi asobanura ko ibice birimo amaso (bifasha mu gutuma umuntu abona akanasobanukirwa ibyo arimo kureba), byagaragaje gukora cyane "gushobora kuba gufitanye isano n'ibi bibonwa n'amaso".

Gusobanukirwa gushya

Dr Borjigin yemera ko ubushakashatsi bwe ku bantu buri ku gipimo gito cyane ndetse ko ari ngombwa ko hakorwa ubundi bushakashatsi bw'inyongera kugira ngo dushobore gusobanukirwa n'ibibera mu bwonko mu gihe tuba turimo gupfa.

Ariko, nyuma y'imyaka irenga 10 akora ubushakashatsi bwo muri uru rwego, hari ikintu gisobanutse kuri we. Agira ati: "Ntekereza ko aho kugira ngo bukore gacye, ubwonko [ahubwo] bukora cyane mu gihe umutima uba uhagaze."

Nonese bigenda gute ku bwonko iyo bumaze kubona ko butarimo kubona umwuka wa 'oxygène'?

Agira ati: "Turimo kugerageza kubisobanukirwa. Rero hari ibisubizo bicye mu nyandiko [z'ubushakashatsi] ziriho. Mu by'ukuri nta cyo tubiziho."

Akomoza ku isinzira, ndetse agasobanura ko we atanga iki gitekerezo cy'ubushakashatsi (hypothèse): nk'inyamaswa, harimo nibura imbeba n'abantu, twifitemo uburyo bw'imbere mu mubiri bwo guhangana n'ibura rya 'oxygène'.

Agira ati: "Kugeza ubu, twibwiraga ko ubwonko buba buri aho, burebera gusa ihagarara ry'umutima: [ko] iyo umutima uhagaze, ubwonko buhita buhagarara. Ibyo ni uko byemerwa muri rusange: [ko] ubwonko ntibushobora guhangana n'uko ibintu bimeze ndetse bugapfa."

Ariko ashimangira ko tutazi neza niba ari uko bigenda.

Atekereza ko ubwonko butazibukira (butamanika amaboko) mu buryo bworoshye cyane gutyo. Nko mu yandi makuba yose, ubwonko na bwo burarwana.

Ati: "Gusinzira ni rumwe mu ngero nziza cyane ku bwanjye rwerekana ko ubwonko bufite uburyo butuma bushobora gukomeza kubaho muri ayo makuba cyangwa mu gihe cy'ibura rya oxygène. Ariko ibyo ni ibintu bigicyeneye gukorwaho ubushakashatsi."

Hari ibindi bintu byinshi byo gutahura

Dr Borjigin avuga ko ibyo we n'itsinda rye batahuye mu bushakashatsi bwabo ari igice gito cyane ndetse ko hakiri ibintu byinshi byo gukoraho ubushakashatsi.

Agira ati: "Ntekereza ko ubwonko bwifitemo uburyo bw'imbere mu mubiri tudasobanukiwe, butuma buhangana n'igabanuka rya oxygène.

"Ku bigaragara, tuzi ko abantu bagira ihagarara ry'umutima bahura n'ibintu bitangaje umuntu yibonera ubwe, ndetse ibyo twagezeho mu bushakashatsi bwacu bigaragaza ko ibyo bahura na byo biterwa no kwiyongera kw'imikorere y'ubwonko.

"Ikibazo gihari ubu ni iki: kuki ubwonko burimo gupfa [bw'umuntu urimo gupfa] buba burimo gukora cyane?

"Tugomba guterana kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe, tubikoreho ubushakashatsi ndetse tubitahure kuko [bitabaye ibyo twaba] turi mu byago byo kuba twakwemeza imburagihe urupfu rw'abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni, kuko [gusa] tudasobanukiwe n'uburyo dupfamo."