“Albert Einstein yari afite ukuri”: Ubuvumbuzi bushya butugejeje hafi yo kumva iyobera rya antimatter

Abahanga muri siyanse bageze ku buvumbuzi bw’ingenzi kuri antimatter – ikintu cy’amayobera cyari cyinshi ubwo isanzure ryatangiraga.

Antimatter ni ikinyuranyo cya matter, ibi ni ibintu by’ibanze bigize imibumbe n’inyenyeri.

Byombi byaremwe mu buryo bungana igihe habaho Big Bang ari nayo abahanga babona kugeza ubu ko ariyo yavuyemo isanzure.

Mu gihe matter iri buri hamwe, antimatter yo biragoye cyane kuyibona.

Ubushakashatsi bushya ubu bwavumbuye ko yaba matter ndetse na antimatter byombi byitwara kimwe imbere ya rukuruzi (gravity).

Mu myaka myinshi, abahanga mu bugenge (physics) bakomeje gushakisha itandukaniro n’aho bihuriye, kugira ngo basobanukirwe uko isanzure yabayeho.

Iyo basanga antimatter ibasha kuzamuka ahari rukurizi, aho kumanuka, byari guhindura bikomeye ibyo tuzi ku bugenge.

Ku nshuro ya mbere ubu bemeje ko atomes za antimatter zimanuka kimwe n’ikindi kintu cyose kiri ahari rukuruzi. Ibi birafungura imiryango ku bushakashatsi bushya. Urugero, ese zigwa ku muvuduko umwe?

Igihe cya Big Bang, matter na antimatter byakabaye byarishyize hamwe, bigakora urumuri rwonyine. Kuba bitarabaye ni rimwe mu mayobera akomeye cyane y’ubugenge kandi kumenya itandukaniro hagati ya byombi ni urufunguzo mu gusobanura iryo yobera.

Mu buryo runaka matter yaruse antimatter muri ibyo bihe bya mbere by’iremwa. Uko antimatter yifata kuri rukuruzi, bishobora kuba ari rwo rufunguzo, nk’uko bivugwa na Dr Danielle Hodgkinson, umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’abashakashatsi muri Cern, laboratwari nini ku isi mu bugenge bureba uduce duto tugize ibintu (particles) yo mu Busuwisi.

Yambwiye ati: "Ntabwo twumva neza uko isanzure yacu yaje kwiganzamo matter nicyo rero gituma dukora ubushakashatsi bwacu."

Antimatter iboneka mu isanzure gacye kandi mu masegonda macye cyane. Bityo kugira ngo laboratwari ya Cern iyikoreho ubushakashatsi yari ikeneye uburyo bwo kuyifata buhamye kandi bw’igihe kirekire.

Prof Jeffrey Hangst yamaze imyaka 30 yubaka uburyo bwo gufata atomes ibihumbi za antimatter.

Yambwiye ati: "Antimatter ni ikintu cy’amayobera akomeye cyane ushobora gutekereza.

"Kugeza ubu uko tubizi, ushobora gukora isanzure rimeze neza nk’iryacu ryanjye na we gusa rigizwe gusa na antimatter.

"Ibyo gusa biratangaje kubisobanura, ni kimwe mu bibazo by’ibanze byo kumenya iki kintu icyo ari cyo mu by’ukuri, n’uko cyifata mu isanzure."

Antimatter ni iki?

Reka dutangirire ku cyo matter ari cyo: ibintu byose biri kuri iyi si yacu niyo bikozemo, kuva ku duce duto cyane twitwa atomes.

Atome yumvikana kurusha izindi ni hydrogen. Ni yo ahanini Izuba rikozemo. Atome ya hydrogen igizwe na proton y’ingufu z’amashanyarazi ya ‘charge positive’ iba hagati ya electron ya ‘charge negative’ iyizenguruka.

Proton ni agace (subatomic) gato cyane kaba muri atome, electron nayo ikaba akandi gace nk’ako ariko kaba gafite amashanyarazi ya ‘charge negative’.

Kuri antimatter, imiterere y’ingufu z’amashanyarazi yo ni ikinyuranyo kuri matter.

Dufate antihydrogen, ariyo ‘version’ ya hydrogen kuri antimatter, ari nayo kandi yakoreshejwe na Cern mu bushakashatsi. Iyi ifite proton ya ‘charge negative’ bita antiproton iri hagati kandi izengurukwa na electron ya ‘charge positive’ bita positron’.

Mu bushakashatsi bwa Cern izo antiprotons zavuye mu kugonganisha uduce duto (particles) mu byuma abahanga bita accelerators. Zigera muri laboratwari ya antimatter mu miyoboro ku muvuduko uri hafi y’umuvuduko w’ijwi. Uyu ni umuvuduko urenze ku buryo abahanga batabasha kuzigenzura.

Intambwe ya mbere ni ukugabanya uwo muvuduko, ibyo abo bashakashatsi bakora bazohereza mu kintu kimeze nk’urugori (ring). Iki kigenda kigabanya ingufu zazo, kugeza zigiye ku muvuduko bashobora kugenzura.

Izo antiprotons na positrons nyuma zoherezwa muri rukuruzi (magnet) nini cyane, aho zivanga zigakora antihydrogen ya atome ibihumbi n’ibihumbi.

Ya rukuruzi ikora agace cyangwa ahantu hafata ya antihydrogen. Iramutse ikoze ku kintu irimo (nk’urukuta/urusika rwacyo) ako kanya yahita ishwanyuka, kuko antimatter idashobora kubaho ikora ku kintu muri iyi si yacu.

Aho hantu (haba hameze nko mu kirere) iyo bahazimije atomes za ya antihydrogen zirarekurana, maze ibyuma bigenzura bikareba niba zigwa hasi cyangwa zizamuka.

Einstein 'yari afite ukuri'

Hari abahanga bamwe bari baremeje ko antimatter itumuka ijya hejuru.

Abandi benshi, barimo na Albert Einstein mu buhanga bwe yasobanuye nka ‘Théorie de la relativité/Relativity Theory’ mu myaka 100 ishize, yavuze ko antimatter igomba kuba yitwara nka matter, ikagwa imanuka.

Abashakashatsi kuri Cern ubu bemeje ibi, ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyane ntashidikanywaho, ko Einstein yari afite ukuri.

Gusa kuba gusa antimatter idatumuka ijya hejuru, ntibisobanuye ko igwa ku muvuduko umwe neza neza n’uwa matter.

Mu ntambwe zizakurikiraho z’ubushakashatsi, ririya tsinda rizazamura ubuhanga mu kureba niba hari ikinyurayo ku muvuduko antimatter igwaho.

Niba ari ko bimeze bishobora gusubiza kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye muri byose, uko Isanzure yabayeho.

Ibyo aba bashakashatsi babonye byatangajwe mu kinyamakuru Nature cyandika kuri siyanse.