Patrice Lumumba: kubera iki iryinyo ari ryo gisigarira conyene c’iyi ncungu?

Iryinyo ry’inzahabu ni co gisigarira conyene c’uwaharaniye intahe y’ukwikukira kwa Congo, Patrice Lumumba.

Inyuma yo kugandagurwa mu 1961 n’umurwi w’abasirikare wari ujejwe kunyonga ushigikiwe n’Ububirigi bwahoze butwara iki gihugu mu gihe c’ubukoloni, ikiziga ciwe cahambwe mu mva ntoya, mu nyuma kirazurwa, gitwarwa ku birometero 200, kirahambwa gushasha, congera kirazurwa hanyuma kirahimbagurwamwo, impera ya vyose bagituriza aside (acide).

Ibi vyagiye kwemezwa n’uwari umukuru w’igipolisi w’umubirigi, Gerard Soete, ari nawe yahagarikiye isamburwa ry’ibisigarira vya Lumumba, yongera atwara iri ryinyo.

Yavuze kandi ko hari n’irindi rya kabiri n’intoke zibiri, ariko ibi ntibirashobora gutorwa.

Iri ryinyo ryitezwe gushikirizwa umuryango wiwe mu birori bizobera i Buruseri (Bruxelles) mu Bubirigi.

Iyi ngendo ya Soete yo kunyegeza ibihimba vy’umubiri yibutsa inyifato y’abategetsi ba gikoloni mu kiringo c’imyaka mirongo aho babitwara iwabo ngo bizobe icibutso.

Ariko kandi cabaye igikorwa ca nyuma c’agasuzuguro gakorewe uno mugabo yafatwa n’Ububirigi nk’umwansi.

Soete, igihe yaboneka mw’ireresi yo mu 1999, yavuze ko iryo ryinyo n’intoke yatwaye vyari “nk’ubwoko bw’igikombe c’uruhigi”.

Uru rurimi ruvuga ko ku bapolisi b’ababirigi, Lumumba – yashimagizwa ku mugabane wose nk’uwari ayoboye urugamba rwo kwikura mu buja - atari umuntu.

Ku mukobwa wa Lumumba, Juliana, ikibazo ni ukumenya nimba abakoze ibi bari koko ibiremwamuntu.

Abaza ati: “Kugira ngo ukore ikintu nk’iki, uba ufise urwanko rungana gute?”

Yabwye BBC ati: “Ibi bitwibutsa ivyakozwe n’aba-Nazi, kunyaga ibihimba vy’abantu – kandi iki ni icaha gikorerwa kiremwamuntu”.

Lumumba yagiye kuba umushikiranganji wa mbere afise imyaka 34. Inyuma yo gutorwa mu myaka ya nyuma y’ubukoloni, yarongoye reta y’igihugu gishasha cari gihejeje kuronka intahe y’ukwikukira.

Mu kwa gatandatu 1960, igihe yashikiriza ubutegetsi, Umwami Baudouin w’Ububirigi, yashimagije ubutegetsi bw’igikoroni anavuga ko sekuru wiwe, Léopold II, ari we “yateje imbere” igihugu.

Ntiyigeze avuga ku miriyoni z’abakongomani bapfuye canke bakubaguwe mu gihe c’ubutegtsi bwiwe igihe yatwara icitwa État Indépendant du Congo /Congo Free State (Reta yigenga ya Congo) nk’icibare ciwe bwite.

Uku kwanka kwemera amabi yakozwe muri kahise kwerekanye ingene Ububirigi bwagiye buhakana ivyo bwakoze muri iki gihugu, bugiye gutangurwa kwemera muri iki gihe.

Lumumba ntiyarya umunwa.

Mw’ijambo yashikirije ritari ku rutonde rwari rwateguwe, umushikiranganji wa mbere yaneguye ubugome n’agasuzuguro vyakorewe Abakongomani.

Muri iri jambo ryari riteye ubwoba, mbere bakaba bagenda bamuciramwo n’amashi menshi ariko aravuga, hanyuma arangije bakamushimira cane, yasiguye “ubucakara buteye isoni badukoreye ku nguvu”.

Ababirigi baguye mu gahundwe, nk’uko bivugwa n’umwigisha wa kaminuza Ludo De Witte yasohoye igitabo mbarutso ku vyerekeye igandagurwa ryiwe.

Bwari bwo bwa mbere umwirabure w’umunyafrika yubahuka gushikiriza ijambo nk’iri imbere y’abanyabulaya. Umushikiranganji wa mbere - De Witte avuga ko yafatwa nk’umuntu atize mu binyamakuru vy’Ububirigi - yafashwe ko amaramaje umwami n’abandi bategetsi b’Ububirigi.

Bamwe bavuga ko mu gushikiriza iri jambo yari ahejeje gutera igikumu ku rupfu rwiwe, ariko igandagurwa ryiwe mu mwaka wakurikiye ryakozwe mu buryo bwo kurwana ya ntambara y’ukwikekana (guerre froide/Cold War) n’Ububirigi bwarondera kugumana ijambo muri ico gihugu.

Abanyamerika nabo nyene baragiye mu nteguro yo kumwica kubera babona ko yari guhava yiyegereza Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti be n’urwanko yari afitiye abakoloni, mu gihe umutegetsi umwe w’umwongereza yanditse avuga ko kumwica yari imwe mu nzira zari zihari.

Hagari aho, bisa n’uko hariho akantu ko kwankiriza umuntu uravye ingene Lumumba yatyozwa n’ingene yahigwa.

Uku kuzimanganya n’ikiziga ciwe, hamwe no kurondera gukuraho ivyemezo, bisa n’ugushaka kurondera kwibagiza Lumumba mu mitwe y’abantu. Nta cibutso ciwe cari kwubakwa, ibi bikaba vyari gushobora gutuma bavuga ko uyu muntu atigeze abaho. Kumuhamba vyonyene babonye ko bitari bihagije.

Hagati aho, gushika ubu baracamwibuka.

Ni cane cane umukobwa wiwe Juliana – yafashe iya mbere mu rugamba rwo kurondera ko iri ryinyo ritahukanwa, ubu akaba ari i Buruseri kuryakira.

N’akamwenyuro, aributsa ubwana bwiwe. Nk’uwari akiri muto mu bana bose, akongera akaba umukobwa wenyene mu muryango, avuga ko yari afitaniye imigenderanire ya hafi cane na se wiwe.

Juliana yari afise “imyaka idashika itanu” igihe se wiwe agenwa nk’umushikiranganji wa mbere. Aribuka ingene yemerewe kujana na se wiwe mu biro, “naricara ndaba dawe ariko arakora. Kuri jewe yari dawe”.

Ariko aremeza ko se wiwe ari “uwo igihugu, kuko yapfiriye Congo... be n’iteka n’ivyiyumviro vyiwe vyo kurwanira agateka k’umunyafrika”.

Yemeza ko guhabwa iri ryinyo mu Bubirigi no kuritahukana muri Repubulika y’Intwaro Rusangi ya Congo ari ikimenyetso “kuko ibisigarira vyiwe bidakwiye mu bisanzwe. Ariko ni ngombwa ko agaruka mu gihugu ciwe aho amaraso yiwe yasesekeye”.

Iri ryinyo rizozungurutswa muri iki gihugu kinini cane imbere y’uko rihambwa ku mugwa mukuru.

Umuryango wa Lumumba waramaze imyaka myinshi utazi ivyashikiye serugo kuko ubutegetsi bwagumije agacerere ku rupfu rwiwe.

Urugendo rw'iyicwa rya Lumumba kuva abaye umushikiranganji wa mbere gushika agandagurwe rwamaze amezi adashika indwi.

Inyuma y’akanya gato igihugu kironse intahe y’ukwikukira, igihugu caciye cinjira mu ntambara n’intara ya Katanga iri mu bumanuko bushira ubuseruko itunze ubutare yashaka kwiyonkora, inyuma yo gutangaza ko yikuye ku gihugu.

Mu mvururu za poritike zakurikiye, ingabo z’Ububirigi zararungitswe ku rubuga kugira ngo zikingire Ababirigi, ariko kandi baca bafasha ubutegetsi bwa Katanga bwaboneka ko bwobwo budafise urwanko kuri abo bakoloni.

Lumumba we nyene nk’umushikiranganji wa mbere yahavuye abogozwa n’umukuru w’igihugu, Joseph Kasavubu, hanyuma haciye indwi imwe gusa umukuru w’ibiro bikuru vya gisirikare ico gihe, Colonel Joseph Mobutu, aca afata ubutegetsi.

Lumumba yaciye apfungwa ic’amaso, aratoroka hanyuma asubira gufatwa muri Kigarama (12) 1960, imbere y’uko apfungirwa mu burengero bw’igihugu.

Kumushira aho hantu vyaboneka ko bishobora guteza akaguma, ariho reta y’Ububirigi yasaba ko yorungikwa muri Katanga.

Ari mu ndege mu rugendo rwamushikanye muri iyo ntara ku wa 16 Nzero (1) 1961, yarakubaguwe.

Amaze kwururutswa naho nyene yarakubiswe mu gihe abategetsi ba Katanga bariko biyumbira ico bamukoza.

‘Nta n’ikimenyetso gisigaye’

Amaherezo, hahavuye hemezwa ko ashirwa mu minwe y’umurwi w’abarashi wari ujejwe kunyonga hanyuma ku wa 17 Nzero araraswa arapfa, ari kumwe na bagenwize babiri.

Iki nico gihe umukuru w’igipolisi Soete yaca aseruka. Amaze kubona ko ibiziga vyabo abantu bashobora kubibona, haciye hafatwa ingingo yo “kubizimanganya burundu. "Nta kimenyetso na kimwe gitegererwa kugumaho”, nk’uko bivugwa n’umwe mu babibonye yasubiwemwo na De Witte mu gitabo ciwe, The Assassination of Lumumba.

Afise imisumeno, aside (acide sulfurique), yambaye ivyomeke bipfuka mu maso (masques faciaux) afise na whisky, Soete yayoboye umurwi wo kwimura, gusambura no kuzimanganya ibisigarira vyiwe. Cari igikorwa yagiye kuvuga mu nyuma ko rwari urugendo rwo “mu muriro udahera”.

Ariko haciye imyaka hafi 40 yose, mu 1999, kugira ngo yemere ko yagize uruhara muri aka kabi, kandi ko gushika ubwo yari agifise iryiryo ryiwe. Avuga ko ibindi bihimba yari afise yabitaye.

Juliana agira umubabaro ku mutima yibutse igihe yumva ko hari igihimba ca se wiwe kikiriho.

N’ikigumbagumba cinshi, ati: “Uca utahura ingene niyumvise kuri iki kintu”.

Nta wuzi ico Soete yakoresheje iri ryinyo ico gihe cose yarimaranye. Isanamu yaryerekanye riri mu gasandugu, ariko nta wuzi nimba yari arishize kumugaragaro.

Ariko ryari rikiri mu minwe y’umuryango wiwe.

Ryasubiye kuvugwa mu 2016 igihe umukobwa wa Soete, Godelieve, atanze ikiganiro ku kinyamakuru co mu Bubirigi, Humo, casohotse imbere gato y’isabukuru igira 55 y’igandagurwa rya Lumumba.

Yagarutse ku magorwa se wiwe yagize ku mutima kubera ivyo yakoze. Madame Soete kandi yiyumviriye ko umuryango wiwe ukwiye gusabwa ikigongwe ku mategeko abategetsi b’Ububirigi bahaye se wiwe.

Avuga ko se wiwe yagumanye ububiko bwihariye kandi ko, n’aho inyuma y’aho apfiriye, vyinshi vyatawe, wewe yashoboye “gushingura ahadata ibintu bikomeye”.

Bimwe muri ivyo bintu ni iri ryinyo yari yazanye kugira yereke uwariko aramugirisha ikiganiro hamwe n’uwafata amasanamu.

Ryaciye rifatwa n’igipolisi c’Ububirigi inyuma y’aho De Witte yitwariye, hanyuma inyuma y’urubanza rwamaze imyaka ine, sentare yahavuye ifata ingingo y’uko risubizwa umuryango wa Lumumba.

Mu rugamba rwo kubohoza iri ryinyo, umukobwa wa Lumumba yandikiye umwami Philippe ikete ry’icese riteye agahinda.

Yabajije ati: “Kubera iki, inyuma y’iri gandagurwa ry’agahomerabunwa, ibisigarira vya Lumumba bibandanya kuba umushaha uyerera, ata n’imva yo kumushinguramwo”?

Iri ryinyo ni ryamara gusubizwa, uyu yahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere azoshingurwa burundu mu ntatemwa idasanzwe ku mugwa mukuru, Kinshasa.

Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, umuhinga muri kahise akaba ari we aserukira Congo muri ONU, avuga ati: “Ibi ni vyo dusanzwe dukora mu mico yacu, turakunda gushingura abacu bashengeye”.

“Ni ihumure ku muryango no ku banyagihugu ba Congo kuko Lumumba ni incungu yacu kandi twipfuza kumushingurana iteka”.

Ariko n’aho yoshinguranwa iteka, ni ngombwa kwibuka akahise.

Igitabo ca De Witte, kije kuzimya imyaka myinshi y’agacerere, catumye hashingwa umurwi w’amatohoza mu nama nshingamateka mu 1999, ufise igikorwa co kwiga neza “ingene iri gandagurwa ryagenze neza na neza, n’uruhara abanyaporitike b’Ububirigi boba barabigizemwo”.

 Mu vyo washitseko, wanditse ko “amarangamutima ya poritike mpuzamakungu yari atandukanye” mu myaka ya 1960.

Hagati aho, n’aho uterekanye urwandiko rutegeka igandangurwa rya Lumumba, iri tohoza ryasanze harimwo bamwe mu bari muri reta “bagize uruhara mu vyatumye agandagurwa”.

‘Akahise kacu turakeneye kukamenya’

Ico gihe, uwari umushikiranganji ajejwe imigenderanire, Louis Michel, yarasavye “imbabazi” yongera avuga ko ababajwe cane n’ivyashikiye umuryango wa Lumumba n’abanyagihugu ba Congo.

Prof. Nzongola-Ntalaja, avugana na BBC ku giti ciwe, ntiyemera ko Ububirigi bwemera koko uruhara rwabwo mw’iryo gandagurwa.

Ati: “Ububirigi buranka kwemanga ivyo buzi ko bwakoze – rero ntibihagije”.

Abashikirizamanza b’ababirigi bafata iri gandagurwa nk’icaha co mu ntambara ariko 10 kuri 12 bikekwa ko babukoze barapfuye, kandi, inyuma y’imyaka cumi, itohoza rigenda buke buke cane.

Gushikiriza iri ryinyo kizoba ari ikindi gikorwa mu nzira yo kunywanisha Ububirigi na DR Congo kuri kahise k’ubukoloni n’igandagurwa rya Lumumba.

Umukobwa wiwe ati: “Ni intambwe – dukeneye gutera tuja imbere”.

Ariko kandi, avuga ko no ku ruhande rw’abakongomani bakeneye kwikubita agashi, kuko bamwe muri bagenziwe hari abagize uruhara mu rupfu rwa se wiwe.

“Ni ngombwa ko twemera kahise kacu – kaba keza canke kabi”.

Asa n’uwuvuga ijambo afise igihagararo nk’ic’uwahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere, avuga ati: “Turakeneye kumenya kahise kacu, kwubaka kazoza kacu no kubaho muri kubu”.

Ihambwa ry’iri ryinyo – igikorwa gitegekanijwe kuba ku musi w’isabukuru y’imyaka 61 y’ijambo karuhariwe rya Lumumba ku musi w’ukwikukira – rizoba ari akaryo keza ku gukubitiza amaso inyuma kuri kahise.