Sheikh Hasina: Impirimbanyi ya demokarasi yaje guhinduka umunyagitugu

Minisitiri w'intebe wa Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina Wazed yeguye ndetse ava muri icyo gihugu cyo muri Aziya y'amajyepfo, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo iyobowe n'abanyeshuri yamaze ibyumweru yaje kurenga igaruriro ikavamo imvururu zo ku rwego rw'igihugu ziciwemo abantu.

Amakuru avuga ko Hasina, w'imyaka 76, yahunze ku wa mbere mu ndege ya kajugujugu ajya mu Buhinde, mu gihe abigaragambya babarirwa mu bihumbi biraraga mu rugo rwe mu murwa mukuru Dhaka wa Bangladesh.

Ibi bishyize iherezo, ritari ryitezwe, ku butegetsi bw'uyu Minisitiri w'intebe wa mbere wari umaze igihe kirekire ategeka Bangladesh, wari uri ku butegetsi kuva mu mwaka wa 2009, ndetse wategetse iki gihugu mu gihe cy'imyaka irenga 20 yose hamwe.

Hasina, uvugwa ko yagejeje iki gihugu ku majyambere mu bukungu mu myaka ya vuba aha ishize, yatangiye politike nk'intangarugero mu guharanira demokarasi.

Ariko mu myaka ya vuba ishize, yashinjwe guhinduka umunyagitugu no gupyinagaza uwo ari we wese utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwe. Guta abantu muri yombi bishingiye ku mpamvu za politike, kuburirwa irengero, iyicwa ry'abantu mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, n'irindi hohotera, byose byaraganje ku butegetsi bwe.

Muri Mutarama (1) uyu mwaka, yatsindiye manda ya kane itari yarigeze igerwaho n'undi mutegetsi, mu matora yamaganwe henshi n'abamunenga ko yari ikinamico ndetse ab'ingenzi mu batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwe banze kuyitabira.

Sheikh Hasina yageze ku butegetsi gute?

Hasina, wavukiye mu muryango w'abayisilamu muri East Bengal mu mwaka wa 1947, yari yifitemo politike mu maraso.

Se, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, ni we wagejeje Bangladesh ku bwigenge mu 1971 kuri Pakistan yayikolonizaga icyo gihe, aba Perezida wa mbere w'icyo gihugu.

Icyo gihe, Hasina yari yaramaze kubaka izina nk'umuyobozi w'abanyeshuri kuri Kaminuza ya Dhaka.

Se yiciwe hamwe na benshi mu bo mu muryango we, mu ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi ryakozwe n'igisirikare mu mwaka wa 1975. Hasina na murumuna we ni bo bonyine barokotse kuko icyo gihe bari bari mu rugendo mu mahanga.

Nyuma yo kuba mu buhungiro mu Buhinde, Hasina yasubiye muri Bangladesh mu mwaka wa 1981, aba umuyobozi w'ishyaka se yahozemo rya Awami League.

Yifatanyije n'andi mashyaka ya politike mu gukora imyigaragambyo mu mihanda igamije guharanira demokarasi ku gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Jenerali Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Abifashijwemo n'imvururu zari mu gihugu, mu buryo bwihuse Hasina yahindutse icyitegererezo mu gihugu.

Yatowe bwa mbere ku butegetsi mu mwaka wa 1996. Yashimiwe gushyira umukono ku masezerano n'Ubuhinde yo gusaranganya amazi, no ku kugirana amasezerano n'inyeshyamba zishingiye ku moko zo mu majyepfo ashyira uburasirazuba bw'igihugu.

Ariko no muri icyo gihe, leta ye yaranenzwe kubera amasezerano menshi y'ubucuruzi avugwa ko yari arimo ruswa, ndetse inengwa kuba umugaragu cyane w'Ubuhinde.

Yaje gutsindwa mu 2001 n'uwahoze ari inshuti ye akaza guhinduka umwanzi we, Begum (izina ry'umuyisilamukazi wo ku rwego rwo hejuru mu bihugu byo muri kariya karere) Khaleda Zia, wo mu ishyaka rya BNP (Bangladesh Nationalist Party).

Abo bagore bombi, nk'abakomeje (abarazwe) ubutegetsi bw'imiryango yabo, bihariye politike ya Bangladesh mu gihe cy'imyaka irenga 30 ndetse bari bazwi nk'"indwanyi z'abayisilamukazi bo ku rwego rwo hejuru" (cyangwa "battling begums").

Bamwe mu bakurikiranira hafi ibibera muri Bangladesh bavuga ko ubucyeba bukomeye bw'abo bagore bwagejeje ku bisasu bitegwa mu modoka za bisi, kuburirwa irengero n'iyicwa ry'abantu mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, byose bihinduka ibintu bibaho mu buryo buhoraho.

Amaherezo, Hasina yasubiye ku butegetsi mu mwaka wa 2009, nyuma y'amatora yabaye hariho leta y'agateganyo.

Nk'uwarokotse bya nyabyo muri politike, Hasina yatawe muri yombi kenshi ubwo yari akiri mu ruhande rw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ndetse yarokotse kugerageza kenshi kumwica, harimo n'uko mu mwaka wa 2004 kwangije kumva (n'amatwi) kwe. Yanarokotse ibikorwa byo kumuhatira guhunga, n'imanza nyinshi yarezwemo ruswa.

Yageze ku biki?

Ku butegetsi bwa Hasina, Bangladesh itanga ishusho y'imvange. Iki gihugu cyiganjemo abayisilamu, cyahoze ari kimwe mu bihugu bicyennye cyane ku isi, cyateye intambwe mu majyambere ku butegetsi bwe guhera mu mwaka wa 2009.

Banki y'Isi ivuga ko mu mwaka wa 2015 iki gihugu cyageze mu cyiciro cyo hasi mu rwego rw'ibifite ubukungu buciriritse (lower middle income), ndetse gifite intego yo kugera mu cyiciro cyo hejuru cyo muri urwo rwego (upper middle income) bitarenze mu mwaka wa 2031.

Bangladesh ubu ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubukungu buzamuka vuba cyane muri ako karere, ndetse ku muvuduko uruta uw'igihugu rutura cy'Ubuhinde baturanye.

Banki y'Isi ivuga ko amafaranga umuturage wa Bangladesh yinjiza muri rusange yikubye gatatu muri iyi myaka 10 ishize. Banki y'Isi igereranya ko abaturage barenga miliyoni 25 (mu baturage miliyoni 174 batuye Bangladesh) bakuwe mu bucyene mu myaka 20 ishize.

Byinshi muri aya majyambere byagizwemo uruhare n'inganda z'imyenda, igize byinshi mu bicuruzwa Bangladesh yohereza mu mahanga, ndetse izo nganda zaragutse mu buryo bwihuse mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo iheruka. Ubu zohereza imyenda ku masoko y'i Burayi, muri Amerika ya ruguru, no muri Aziya.

Ikoresheje amikoro bwite y'igihugu, inguzanyo n'imfashanyo igenewe iterambere, leta ya Hasina yanakoze ibikorwa-remezo binini cyane, ikibikuriye byose ni iteme rya Padma ry'agaciro ka miliyari 2.9 z'amadolari y'Amerika ryambukiranya uruzi rwa Ganges.

Impaka kuri we ni izihe?

Iyi myigaragambyo iheruka ni yo mbogamizi ikomeye cyane Hasina yahuye na yo kuva yagera ku butegetsi, ndetse yakurikiye amatora yateje impaka zikomeye, aho ishyaka rye ryongeye gutorerwa manda ya kane yikurikiranya mu nteko ishingamategeko.

Imvururu zatangiranye n'ubusabe bwo gukuraho umubare ntarengwa (quotas) w'imirimo ya leta, ariko zahindutse igikorwa kinini cyane cyo kwamagana leta, na we akoresha polisi mu guhashya mu rugomo abigaragambya, hapfa abarenga 200 ndetse abandi benshi barakomereka.

Mu gihe harushagaho kumvikana abamusaba kwegura, yakomeje kwinangira. Yamaganye abahamagarira abandi kwigaragambya, abita "abaterabwoba", ndetse asaba ubufasha bwo "kuburizamo aba baterabwoba n'imbaraga". Yanafunze abantu babarirwa mu magana, abandi babarirwa mu magana abashyiraho ibirego by'inshinjabyaha.

Iyo myigaragambyo yo kwamagana icyo kigero ntarengwa (cyangwa 'quotas') yabaye mu gihe Bangladesh yari irimo kugorwa n'ikiguzi cy'imibereho gikomeza kuzamuka nyuma y'icyorezo (cya coronavirus).

Ibiciro ku isoko byaratumbagiye, ububiko bw'amafaranga y'amahanga (ama 'devises') igihugu gitunze bwaragabanutse cyane, n'umwenda (ideni) Bangladesh ibereyemo amahanga wikubye kabiri kuva mu mwaka wa 2016.

Abamunenga begetse ibi ku micungire mibi ya leta ya Hasina, ndetse bavuga ko ibyo Bangladesh yagezeho mu bukungu mbere byafashije gusa abari hafi y'ishyaka Awami League rya Hasina binyuze muri ruswa yabaye akarande.

Abamunenga banavuga ko amajyambere mu bukungu iki gihugu cyayagezeho hirengagijwe demokarasi n'uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Hasina amaze igihe kirekire ashinjwa gufata ingamba z'igitugu zo gukandamiza abatavuga rumwe na we muri politike, abamunenga, n'itangazamakuru – impinduka ikomeye ku mutegetsi wahoze aharanira demokarasi ishingiye ku mashyaka menshi.

Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu igereranya ko abantu nibura 600 baburiwe irengero, abandi babarirwa mu magana bicwa mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, kuva Hasina yasubira ku butegetsi mu mwaka wa 2009.

Abashinzwe umutekano ba Bangladesh na bo bamaze igihe bashinjwa ihohotera rikomeye n'iyicarubozo, ndetse mu mwaka wa 2021, Amerika yafatiye ibihano batayo igabwa aho rukomeye (Rapid Action Battalion) – umutwe wo muri polisi ushinjwa kwica abantu mu bugome mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko. Amerika yafatiye iyo batayo ibihano iyishinja guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Impirimbanyi nyinshi z'uburenganzira bwa muntu hamwe n'abanyamakuru na bo barushijeho kwibasirwa, harimo gutabwa muri yombi, kubashyiraho ingenza (kubahozaho ijisho) no kubatoteza. Amategeko akaze yakoreshejwe mu kwibasira abanyamakuru. Abayanenga bavuga ko yanize ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru.

Hasina na leta ye banashinjwe "itoteza ryo mu bucamanza" ku batavuga rumwe na bo, babinyujije mu kubashora mu manza, nk'urubanza rwa Muhammad Yunus, impuguke mu bukungu watsindiye igihembo cy'amahoro cyitiriwe Nobel. Yafunzwe muri Mutarama uyu mwaka, ndetse aregwa ibirego birenga 100, mu rubanza abamushyigikiye bavuga ko rushingiye ku mpamvu za politike.

Mbere y'amatora yabaye muri uyu mwaka, abakuru benshi b'ishyaka rya BNP batawe muri yombi, hamwe n'ababashyigikiye babarirwa mu bihumbi nyuma y'imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana leta. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu ivuga ko ibyo byari igerageza ryo guca intege abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi.

Leta ya Hasina yahakanye yivuye inyuma ibirego by'ihohotera nk'iryo. Ariko iyo leta yanashyizeho inzitizi zikomeye ku banyamakuru b'abanyamahanga bashaka kujyayo gukora iperereza ku birego nk'ibyo.