Mu myaka itatu, Uburusiya na Ukraine bimaze gutakaza bangahe ku rugamba?

Ku wa mbere itariki 24 Ruhuhuma (ukwezi kwa kabiri), imyaka itatu izoba yuzuye, umunsi ku wundi, Uburusiya bugavye igitero ku gihugu cose ca Ukraine.

Mu gihe iyo ntambara yinjiye mu mwaka ugira kane, abantu 95.000 bagwanira igisirikare c'Uburusiya baramaze gupfa, ku bw'amakuru yihwejwe na BBC.

Ico gitigiri ntikirimwo abishwe bakorera imigwi yafashe ibigwanisho mu ntara zigize repuburika zigenga za Donbas tugereranya ko boba bari hagati y'abagwanyi 21.000 na 23.500.

Igisata ca BBC mu rurimi rw'ikirusiya, umugwi wigenga w'ibinyamakuru Mediazona hamwe n'abakorerabushaka bagumye baharura abapfa kuva muri Ruhuhuma mu 2022.

Urutonde rurimwo amazina y'abapfuye twashoboye guhinyuza dukoresheje inkuru zo mu vyegeranyo vy'ubutegetsi, ibinyamakuru, imbuga hwaniro, imva hamwe n'ivyibutso bishasha vy'abapfuye. Igitigiri nyaco c'abamaze gupfa vyibazwa ko ari kinini cane kuruta aho.

Kurwana ugaherera iyo

Daniil Dudnikov, umunyeshure w'imyaka 21 yiga kahise kuri kaminuza ya Donetsk National University, mu gisata c'imigenderanire mpuzamakukungu kandi agakunda no kwoga.

Ku munsi wa mbere w'intambara Uburusiya bwagavye ku gihugu cose ca Ukraine ku wa 24 Ruhuhuma 2022, abategetsi muri Donetsk yigize repuburika baciye binjiza Daniil ku gahato baca bamurungika mu ntara ya Kharkiv.

Inyuma y'ukwezi, ku wa 25 Ntwarante (3), Daniil yarabuzwe irengero ari ku rugamba. Ku basirikare 18 bari kumwe, nta n'umwe yagarutse. 13 barishwe, abasigaye batanu bagirwa imbohe zo mu ntambara. Inyuma y'amezi ane, mw'ikabwa ry'impfungwa, abari bararokotse bemeje ko Daniil yari muri 13 bari baguye ku rugamba.

Iyo nkuru ya Daniil ni yo y'abandi ibihumbi bo mu ntara za Donetsk na Luhansk zigize ama repuburika, zashinzwe mu 2014 n'abarondera kwiyonkora bashigikiwe n'Ubusuriya muri ivyo bice vya Ukraine bivuga cane cane ururimi rw'ikirusiya.

Aho hatangurijwe igitero c'Uburusiya kuri Ukraine yose, abagabo b'aba sivire barahagariwe kwitaba urugamba, akenshi batigishijwe neza kandi ata bigwanisho nyavyo bahawe imbere yo kurungikwa mu butumwa busa n'ubudashoboka. Ivyo vyatumye haba ibitigiri binini cane vy'abasirikare bapfa n'abandi baburwa irengero, bamwe muri bo akenshi hagahera amezi canke imyaka ata uwuzi ivyabashikiye.

Ku makuru twihweje dushingiye ku nyandiko zo gusezera abapfuye zagiye ahabona hamwe n'ivyegeranyo ku babuzwe irengero mu ntara zitandukanye, benshi mu banyagihugu basanzwe bafashe ibigwanisho muri Donbas bapfuye mu mwaka wa mbere w'intambara, igitigiri kingana n'ico abasirikare bose b'Uburusiya vyemejwe ko bapfuye muri ico kiringo - 25.769.

Ariko, n'ubwo abantu bo mu ntara za Ukraine zigaruriwe n'Uburusiya bafise incuti mu Burusiya, nta kibanza kinini bafise mu buzima bwa minsi yose mu gihugu, bituma iyo babuze abantu ''bitaboneka'' cane ku barusiya basanzwe.

Inkozi z'ikibi ku rugamba

Abandi bantu benshi b'Uburusiya bagwa ku rugamba n'ababa baraciriwe ibihano bapfungiwe mu mabohero.

Ildus Sadykov w'imyaka 59 yafashwe yivye agasakoshi ku gituro ca gari-ya-moshi i Moscou. Bwari ubwa kane apfunzwe, inyuma yo kumara mu munyororo, yose hamwe, imyaka 16 ku vyaha bitandukanye.

''Bambwiye bati, 'Udashaka gusubira mu munyororo, sinya amasezerano.' Banyemereye ko ku myaka yanje, ntari kurungikwa ku rwasiro, ko nzohabwa akazi ko gufasha. Ni uko ndavyemera.'' Ivyo yabivuze igihe yari imbohe y'intambara inyuma yo gufatwa n'ingabo za Ukraine mu ci rya 2024.

Hamaze kuba ikabwa ry'abanyororo, yaciye asubizwa mu Burusiya, aho yaciye asubira kurungikwa ku rugamba. Uku kwezi, Ildus Sadykov yariciwe mu ntambara.

Gushika ubu, ibiharuro igisata ca BBC mu rurimi rw'ikirusiya gifise birimwo 16.171 vy'abari abanyororo b'ivyaha bavanywe mu mabohero ngo baje kurwana. Abo ni abo twashoboye guhinyuza dosiye zabo dukurikije amasoko yo ku mugaragaro. Igitigiri nyaco c'abanyororo baguye ku rugamba gishobora kuba ari kinini cane kuruta aho.

Hongewemwo umwihwezo w'inyandiko zanyerejwe n'umugwi w'igisirikare c'abacangero Wagner, dushobora kugereranya ko abanyororo bashobora kuba bangana n'ica gatatu c'abasirikare b'Uburusiya bamaze gupfa mu myaka itatu igitero kimaze. Benshi muri abo bantu baba mu mabohero, aho ata migenderanire bari bagifitaniye n'ubuzima bwo hanze, imyaka n'iyindi.

Intambara ibonwa na bake

''Abagwa ku rugamba bamenywa cane cane n'imice y'abarusiya y'amikoro make, haba mu bijanye n'amashure, uburyo bw'amafaranga canke poririke,'' bivugwa na Gulnaz Sharafutdinova, umuyobozi w'igisata c'Uburusiya kuri kaminuza ya King's College i Londres mu Bwongereza.

''Ubutegetsi bw'Uburusiya busa n'ubwabiteguye muri iyo nzira, aho imice ikize mu gihugu ahanini ataho ihurira n'ivy'iyo ntambhara. N'aho wumva haca haba gukoka abanyororo n'abacangero b'abanyamahanga.''

''Mu bisagara bito bito, abantu barazi gusumba urugero rw'abagwa ku rugamba. Intambara yakoze cane ku mice y'abantu badafise uburyo haba kuvyanka haba mbere no gushikiriza ico bavyibazako ku magaragaro. Ntibiyagwa ku mugaragaro,'' nk'uko abandanya avuga.

Abarusiya 30% bonyene nibo bazi ibijanye n'intambara mu buryo butaziguye, biciye mu kuba bari kurwana ku ruganba canke biciye ku miryango y'abafise ababo bitavye uruganba, nk'uko biboneka mu matohoza yo kugereranya ico abantu biyumvira yakozwe n'umugambi wa Chronicles muri Nyakanga (9) mu 2024. Muri Ukraine, urugero rw'abantu bazi uwaguye canke uwakomerekeye ku rugamba ni 80%.

Gupima ingene abantu bashigikiye intambara mu Burusiya biragoye, kuko benshi ntibavugisha ukuri. Ariko icigwa cakozwe n'umugambi wa PROPA, ushigikiwe na kaminuza ya Helsinki, catoye ko 43% y'abarusiya babajijwe bashigikiye igitero ku mugaragaro.

''Abantu bogize ukundi babona intambara iyo hobaye hari benshi bazi ubwabo abagwa ku rugamba?'' ikibazo kibazwa n'umuhinga mu vy'imibano Viktor Vakhshtayn. ''Nta nkeka.''

Guharura abapfuye

Abo Uburusiya bumaze gutakaza bisa n'uko ata nkeka ko ari benshi cane kurusha igitigiri kiva mu masoko ashobora gushikirwa ku mugaragaro. Abahinga mu vya gisirikare twabajije bavuze ko amatohoza ya BBC, ashingiye ku mva, ku vyibutso vy'intambara, n'inyandiko z'ubuzima bw'abaguye ku rugamba, kumbure ashobora kuba yerekana gusa 45% gushika ku 65% y'igitigiri c'abapfuye bose.

Aho ni ukwongerako ko ibiziga vy'abaguye ku rugamba muri aya mezi ya vuba bishobora kuguma ku rubuga rw'intambara, kuko kuja kubikurayo bituma abasirikare kwishira mu vyago vyo guterwa n'indege zitagira abadereva.

Tugereranije rero, igitigiri c'abasirikare b'Uburusiya bamaze kugwa ku rugamba gishobora kuba kiri hagati ya 146.194 na 211.169. Ushizeko abagwanyi bo mu yindi migwi, Uburusiya bushobora kuba bumaze gutakariza ku rugamba abantu bari hagati ya 167.194 na 234.669.

Uburusiya buheruka kuvuga igitigiri c'abasirikare bagwa ku rugamba muri Nyakanga (9) mu 2022, ico gihe havuzwe abadashika 6.000.

Ukraine iheruka kuvuga ko abo imaze gutakaza muri Kigarama 2024, igihe perezida Volodymyr Zelensky yemera ko hamaze gupfa 43.000 mu basirikare n'intwazangabo. Abahinga b'i Buraya bavuga ko igitgiri kiruta aho.

Urubuga Ukraine Losses, rwegeranya amakuru y'abagwa ku rugamba ruvana ku masoko atandukanye yo ku mugaragaro, ubu rugeze ku mazina y'abantu 70.400 y'abasirikare ba Ukraine. Uguhinyuza twakoze dufatiye ku mazina 400 kwasanze ivyo biharuro vyokwizerwa.

Ibiharuro vya Ukraine vy'abagwa ku rugamba bishobora kuba bikwiye gusumba ivy'Uburusiya, kuko ingingo z'ibiro vy'umukuru w'igihugu zo gutanga udushimwe ku bamaze gupfa zirashirwa ahabona. Mu Burusiya bene ivyo biguma mw'ibanga.

Mu gihe intambara igiye kwinjira mu mwaka ugira kane, ubu amakungu ahanze amaso ishaka rishasha rya Amerika ry'ibiganiro vy'amahoro.