Jenoside isigurwa gute?

Jenoside gifatwa na benshi ko ari co caha ca mbere gihambaye gikorerwa zina muntu.

Iri genekerezo ONU yarigenye ko ari "umusi mpuzamakungu wo kwihweza kuri jenoside yo mu 1994 yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda".

Muri uku kwezi kandi, reta y'Uburundi iri mu bikorwa vyo kwemeza ko ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abahutu mu 1972 ari jenoside.

Jenoside isigurwa ite?

Isigurwa ko ari ukumara ikivunga umugwi runaka w'abantu - akarorero gatangwa n'ingene aba-Nazi bagerageje guhonya Abayahudi mu myaka ya 1940.

Ariko iruhande y'iyo nsiguro yoroshe hari urufatangane rutoroshe rw'amajambo y'amategeko yerekeye ibishingirwako ngo havugwe ko ari jenoside n'igihe iryo jambo rishobora gukoreshwa.

Insiguro n'impari

Ijambo jenoside (genocide) ryubatswe mu 1943 n'umuyahudi w'umunya-Pologne Raphael Lemkin, yafatanije ijambo ry'Ikigiriki "genos" (ubwoko canke umuryango [tribu/tribe]) n'ijambo ry'Ikiratini "cide" (kwica).

Amaze kubona amahano yo muri Holocauste, aho abantu bose bo mu muryango wiwe bishwe kiretse umuhungu bavukana, Dr Raphael Lemkin yaciye akora uko ashoboye kugira jenoside yemerwe nk'icaha mu mategeko mpuzamakungu.

Igikorwa ciwe catumye haba iyemezwa ry'amasezerano ya ONU agenga jenocide muri Kigarama/Ukuboza mu 1948, aca atangura kuja mu ngiro muri Nzero/Mutarama mu 1951.

Ingingo ya kabiri y'ayo masezerano ivuga ko jenoside ari "kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira bikozwe mu ntumbero yo kuzimanganya, wose canke igice, umugwi w'abantu ushingiye ku gihugu, ku bwoko, ku rukoba canke kw'idini arico kigamijwe:

Ayo masezerano ategeka kandi muri rusangi ibihugu vyayemeje "kubuza no guhana" jenoside.

Kuva yemejwe, ayo masezerano ya ONU yaraneguwe n'impande zitandukanye, na cane cane n'abantu bababajwe n'ingene bigora cane kuyakoresha ku biba vyabaye ahantu kanaka.

Bamwe bavuga ko insiguro y'icari co igarukira hafi cane (ni ukuvuga itagutse bihagije); abandi ko iteshwa agaciro no kurenza urugero mu kuyikoresha.

Abasesenguzi bamwe bamwe bavuga ko insiguro y'ico ari co jenoside yaga cane (itagutse) ku buryo ata na bimwe mu vyaha vy'ikivunga vyakozwe kuva ayo masezerano yemejwe vyoheza bikayajamwo.

Ibikunze kunegurwa muri ayo masezerano birimwo:

Ariko n'aho hari ivyo bineguro, hari benshi bavuga ko jenoside imenyekana.

Mu gitabo ciwe yise Rwanda and Genocide in the 20th Century, uwahoze ari umunyamabanga mukuru wa Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), Alain Destexhe, yanditse ati: "Jenoside iratandukanywa n'ibindi vyaha vyose kubera intumbero iba iri inyuma yayo.

"Jenoside ni icaha co ku rugero rutandukanye ugereranije n'ibindi vyaha vyose bikorewe zina muntu kandi iba irimwo intumbero yo guhonya burundu uwo mugwi uba uronderwa. Jenoside nico gituma ari co caha ca mbere gihambaye cane kandi kinini cane kurusha ibindi vyaha bikorewe zina muntu."

Destexhe yashikirije amakenga ko ijambo jenoside ryahuye n'ikibazo co "kwamizwa mu kanwa, co kimwe n'uko vyagendeye ijambo fascist", rica "ricika ijambo usanga ahantu hose".

Michael Ignatieff, yahoze ari umuyobozi w'ikigo Carr c'uburenganzira bwa zina muntu kuri kaminuza ya Harvard, aravyemera, agasigura ko iryo jambo ryahavuye rikoreshwa nko "kwemeza ikintu cose kijanye n'ukuba wakorewe amabi".

"Ubuja (slavery/esclavage), nk'akarorero, bwitwa jenoside kandi -uko bwari kwose, kandi bwari ishano - bwari uburyo bwo kurya imitsi abantu (gukoresha inguvu zabo) ku nyungu z'abandi, aho kuba ubwo guhonya abantu," nk'uko Ignatieff yabisigiye mu cigwa.

Ubudasa mu buryo bwo gusigura ico ari co jenoside bwatumye haba kandi ukutumvikana ku gitigiri c'ama-jenoside yabaye mu kinjana ca 20.

Hamaze kuba jenoside zingahe?

Bamwe bavuga ko habaye jenoside imwe gusa: Holocauste Nazi. Abandi bavuga ko habaye nibura jenoside zitatu hakurikijwe insiguro y'amasezerano ya ONU yo mu 1948.

None mu myaka ya vuba, urutonde rwarongerejwe na bamawe bamwe. Muri Bosnia, ubwicanyi bwo mu 1995 i Srebrenica sentare mpuzamakungu mpanavyaha yashiriweho icahoze ari Yougoslavia (ICTY) yaciye urubanza ivuga ko ari jenoside.

Ibindi bivugwa n'inzara itewe n'umuntu yo mu gihe c'aba Soviet muri Ukraine (1932-33), igitero ca Indonesia kuri Timor y'ubuseruko (1975), n'ubwicanyi bw'aba-Khmer Rouge muri Cambodge mu myaka ya 1970, aho hishwe abanya-Cambodge baharurwa mu miriyoni 1,7 bapfuye banyonzwe, bicishijwe kigoyi, canke bagakoreshwa ku gahato.

Hari ukutumvikana ku c'uko benshi mu bishwe n'aba-Khmer Rouge baronderwa kubera igihararo bari bafise mu kubaho -bigaca bibakura mu nsiguro ya ONU y'ico ari co jenoside.

Sentare mpuzamakungu mpanavyaha mu 2010 yasohoye umutahe yo gufata umukuru wa Sudan Omar al-Bashir, ku vyaha vya jenoside, imwagiriza gutota abanya-Sudan bo mu ntara ya Darfur aho abantu bashika 300.000 bivugwa ko bishwe abandi baharurwa muri za miriyoni bagateshwa izabo mu ntambara yamaze imyaka indwi.

Ubu vuba, muri Ntwarante/Werurwe 2016, Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zagirije umuhari w'aba-djihadist Islamic State/Etat Islamique (IS) gukora jenoside ku ba-Kristu, aba-Yazidi n'aba-Shia muri Iraq na Syria.

IS yabaye inkozi ya genoside "mu kubitangaza, mu kubigendera no mu bikorwa, mu vyo ivuga no mu vyo ikora," nk'uko uwari umushikiringanji ajejwe imigenderanire ico gihe John Kerry yavuze.

Mu 2017, Gambia yajanye urubanza muri sentare mpuzamakungu y'ubutungane yagiriza Myanmar gukora jenoside ku ba-Rohingya ifatiye ko habaye "ibikorwa vyakwiye hose kandi bikorwa mu buryo bumwe vyo gukuzako" mu bigwati vy'aba-Rohingya.

Aba-Rohingya ibihumbi baravuye muri Myanmar bahungira muri Bangladesh n'ahandi, abandi ibuhumbi bivugwa ko bishwe.

Mu 2021, Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Canada n'Ubuhorandi vyose vyagirije Ubushinwa gukora jenoside kuba Uighur muri Xinjiang, mu gihe mu bindi bihugu habaye ingingo zo mu nama nshingamateka nazo zagiriza ivyo nyene.

Ivyemezo vyerekana ko Ubushinwa bwahatiye aba Uighur kugumbaha (kwipfungisha kuvyara), ibikorwa vy'agahato, gupfungwa ikivunga, hamwe n'ugusambanywa ku nguvu n'ukuborerezwa igufa mu buryo bwateguwe - ibikorwa benshi babona bihura n'ico ari co jenoside. Ubushinwa burahakana ivyo bwagirizwa.

Imanza za jenoside muri kahise, aho amasezerano yerekeye jenoside yatanguye gukora ni kuri Jean Paul Akayesu, wari umukuru wa komine Taba yo mu Rwanda mu gihe c'ubwicanyi. Mu rubanza rw'imbonekarimwe, sentare mpuzamakungu idasanzwe yahamije Akayesu icaha ca jenoside hamwe n'ivyaha bikorewe zina muntu itariki 2 Nyakanga/Nzeri 1998.

Abantu barenga 85 mu nyuma barahamijwe ivyaha na sentare mpuzamakungu mpanavyaha yashiriweho Urwanda, 29 ku vyaha vya jenoside.

Muri Myandagaro/Kanama mu 2010, icegeranyo ca ONU canyerejwe kikaja ahabona cavuze ko abahutu b'abanyarwanda, bakoze jenoside yo mu 1994, benshi muri bo nabo bahavuye bayikorerwa.

Mu 2001, Gen Radislav Krstic, yahoze ari umu jenerari w'umu-Serbe wo muri Bosnia, yabaye umuntu wa mbere yagiriwe n'icaha ca jenoside muri sentare muzamakungu mpanavyaha yashiriweho icahoze ari Yougoslavia (ICTY).

Krstic yarunguruje kuri urwo rubanza avuga ko igitigiri c'abantu 8.000 bishwe bari bake cane kugira ubwo bwicanyi bwitwe jenoside. Mu 2004, ukwunguruza kwiwe ICTY yabitesheje agaciro.

Mu 2007, Ratko Mladić, umu-Serb wo muri Bosnia uwahoze ari umutegetsi mu ngabo, batazira "umuyangayanga wo muri Bosnia", yaciriwe igihano co gupfungwa ubuzima bwose amaze guhamwa n'icaha ca jenoside, ivyaha vyo mu ntambara hamwe n'ivyaha bikorewe zina muntu.

Hanyuma mu 2018, Nuon Chea, w'imyaka 92, na Khieu Samphan, w'imyaka 87, bompi baciriwe igihano co gupfungwa ubuzima bwose ku caha ca jenoside n'ivyaha bikorewe zina muntu kubera uruhara bagize mu bwicanyi bw'aba-Khmer Rouge.