COP26: Ico abahinga ba Africa bashaka ko umenya kw'ihindagurika ry'ikirere

Africa ni umugabane uzokwikorera umuzigo w'ingaruka z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere n'aho ivyigwa vyerekana ko ata ruhara runini ifise muri iki kibazo.

Ariko rero, n'aho Afrika iboneka ko isohora imyuka mike cane yonona ikirere, ababa kuri uyu mugabane bobo baboneka ko bashobora guhitanwa n'ibiza biturutse kw'iyononekara ry'ikirere.

Muri kino gihe, isanzwe ihanzwe n'ikibazo c'ibiza bikomeye n'imvura igwa mu rudavagi bivuye kw'ihindagurika ry'ikirere bigatera uruzuba n'imyuzure.

Mu gihe abantu babandanya biyongera, ibi bigira ingaruka mbi ku bijanye n'imfungurwa, bigatera ubukene, inkurikizi yavyo ikaba ari uko abantu bata bakomoka baja kuronderera ubuzima ahandi, intambara nazo zikiyongera.

Hano, abahinga batanu babwira umunyamakuru wa BBC Dickens Olewe ivyo aba bategetsi b'isi bari bakwiye kwibuka mu gihe bariko bariyumvira icokorwa kugira ngo bahagarike ihindagurika ry'ikirere mu nama yabo ya COP26 itegekanijwe kurangira ku wa 12 z'uku kw'icumi na rimwe.

'Iterambere rya Afrika ntirishobora guca mu biganiro'

Dr Rose Mutiso, wo muri Kenya - arongoye ubushakashatsi mu kigo Energy for Growth Hub:

Ku mwaka, umunyafrika abayabaye akoresha umuyagankuba muke cane gusumba uwukoreshwa na ca cuma gikanyisha kimwe gusa muri Amerika canke i Bulaya.

Ariko ibi bizohinduka - cane cane kubera ubushuhe bwaduze - kubera abanyafrika bazokenera umuyagankuba kugira ngo bashobore gukanyisha amazu yabo bongene bavomere imirima.

Afrika nayo nyene itegerezwa kugira uburenganzira bwo kwiteza imbere yongere irangure n'ibikorwa remezo - ibi bigakenera umuyagankuba mwinshi.

Rero dutegerezwa kuronka umuyagankuba mwinshi kugira ngo duteze imbere ubukungu bwacu ariko kandi tugategerezwa kuronka ayandi masoko ntanganguvu yosubirira ayo dusanzwe dukoresha ava mu bicukurwa mu kuzimu, nk'akarorero ibitoro, gaze,...

Hanyuma kandi, ibihugu vya Afrika bibandanya bikandamizwa n'ibihugu bitunze vyama bishikiza amajambo aremereye y'ivyo biyemeza mu gihe bobo babandanya bakoresha aya masoko ntanganguvu ava mu bicukurwa mu kuzimu (combustibles fossiles/fossil fuels).

Ubu Kenya isanzwe ikoresha amasoko ntanganguvu yisubiriza - nk'karorero umuyagankuba uva ku mishwarara y'izuba - gusumba Amerika canke Ubulaya.

N'aho Afrika yemera ubufatanyabikorwa, uyu mugabane ntushobora kwigura ibindi bihugu ngo uhagarike imigambi yawo. Ni ngombwa ko biyumvira icokorwa kuri Afrika kugira ngo ishobore gushinga amahinguriro no gutanga akazi.

Ibi vyumvikana rero ko ibihugu bitunze bitegerezwa kugabanya imyuka ihumanya bisohora kandi bigashira mu ngiro ivyo vyiyemeje vyo gusohora amafaranga - muri kahise hari ivyo vyagiye vyiyemeza gukora ariko amafaranga vyemera gutanga akaba ari makeya.

'Abatanga imfashanyo ntibategerezwa gutegeka'

Dr Youba Sokona wo muri Mali - icegera c'umukuru w'ikigo Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:

Abajejwe gufata ingingo canke amareta y'ibihugu vya Afrika ntibakunze kwifashisha abahinga n'abashakashatsi mu bijanye n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere.

Ubushakashatsi bwabo hamwe n'ivyo bashikiriza ku cokorwa bishirwa mu kabati bikicarayo igihe kirekire kandi ni nk'uko bitigera biganirwako iyo hariko hafatwa ingingo kanaka.

Ibi biragira ingaruka ku ngingo zifatwa na reta. Ubushikiranganji butandukanye usanga bugendera ku nteguro zakozwe n'ibihugu bitanga imfashanyo.

Ibi bituma haba inyishu zidafashe.

Rero ibihugu bitanga imfashanyo ntivyategerezwa gutegeka, ahubwo vyategerezwa gukorana n'amareta kugira ngo ibintu bigende neza.

Aka ni akaryo keza kuri Afrika ko kwiyumvira inzira nyayo yo kwiteza imbere banatorera inyishu ikibazo c'ihindagurika ry;ikirere.

'Ni ngombwa ko iyi myuka ibanza kwiyongera'

Prof Chukwumerije Okereke wo muri Nigeria - umuhinga mu bijanye n'ibirere:

Naho inkurukizi z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere ari nyinshi cane kuri Afrika, imfashanyo ihabwa ibihugu ni nto cane.

Ahubwo, usanga ibihugu bitanga imfashanyo birajwe ishinga gusa no kugabanya iyi myuka canke kuyikuraho burundu ibindi ntubabaze - umwanya munini uri kuri iki bagashira ku ruhande inyungu za Afrika.

Ubu ibihugu vyose bisa n'aho vyumvikanye ko bitegerezwa gushika ku ntego yo kugera kuri 0% mu kwohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere (net zero) - ibi bigasigura ko ata gusubira kwongereza iyi myuka.

Ibi vyirengagiza ibibazo bikomeye cane Afrika ifise mu bijanye n'iterambere hamwe n'umuyagankuba. Ata guca hirya no hino, ni ngombwa ko imyuka iva kuri uyu mugabane yiyongera cane imbere yo kugabanuka.

Ibihugu vyinshi bitunze bisa nk'aho vyiteze ko Afrika igiye gusimbira ku buhinga bwo gukoresha amasoko ntanganguvu atonona ikirere - ariko ntibashaka gushiramwo imitahe ikenewe kugira ngo ibi bishoboke.

IHagati aho, ni ngombwa ko ibihugu vya Afrika bikoresha cane amasoko ntanganguvu y'ibicukurwa mu kuzimu bitahura ko isi iri ku muvuduko munini w'ihinduka, bigashiraho ubutegetsi na poritike bizoshobora gufasha kugira ngo umugabane uhamvye ibindi bihugu mw'ikoreshwa ry'amasoko ntanganguvu adahumanya ikirere. Hariho uturorero dukomeye mu Rwanda no muri Ethiopia, ariko haracari vyinshi bitegerezwa gukorwa mu gihe n'ubutegetsi usanga bugoyagoya.

'Tanga imfashanyo ntimutange ingurane'

Dr Christopher Trisos, wo muri Afrika y'Epfo, mu kigo African Climate and Development Initiative avuga ati:

Ibihugu bitari bike vya Afrika bisanzwe bikoresha amasoko ntanganguvu yisubiriza - ingomero z'umuyagankuba.

Ariko ibihe vy'ubushuhe biheruka, nk'akarorero El Niño mu 2015-16, vyaratumye haba ubukene bw'umuyagankuba ahatari hake.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ihindagurika ry'ikirere muri kazoza rishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bw'inzuzi nkuru nkuru za Afrika bwo gutanga umuyagankuba - mbere n'uburimyi bukahagirira ingorane mu gihe abenshi ari bwo bazeyeko uburaro n'uburamuko.

Ihindagurika ry'ikirere riri kumwe n'umuvuduko munini w'ibisagara bigenda vyaguka bizogira ingaruka mbi cane.

Kugabanya ubushuye kw'isi ku rugero rwa 1.5°C bishobora gufasha cane kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw'abanyafrika, amagara y'abantu, ibikorwa remezo, ubutunzi n'ibidukikije muri kazoza - Ibanki y'isi yoe ivuga ko ihindagurika ry'ikirere rishobora gutuma abanyafrika bandi barenga imiriyoni 40 baterwa n'ubukene butagira izina gushika mu 2030 mu gihe iki kibazo kitotorerwa umuti.

Kugira ngo ibi bishoboke, ni uko ibihugu cane cane bisohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere myinshi gusumba ibindi biyigabanya ku rugero rutari ruto.

Ariko kandi, imfashanyo ihabwa ibihugu vya Afrika kugira ngo bihangane n'ihinduka ry'ikirere ni nkenerwa.

Hagati ya 2014 na 2018, ibihugu bitunze bisanzwe bihurikiye mw'ishirahamwe ry'iterambere OECD vyatanze ibice 46% gusa vy'imfashanyo vyari vyemereye Afrika muri uru rwego rwo guhangana n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere.

Vyongeye, ni ngombwa ko hihweza ubwoko bw'amafaranga atangwa kubera gushika ubu menshi mu yatangwa atangwa nk'ingurane aho gutangwa nk'imfashanyo.

Ibi bisigura ko ibi bihugu vya Afrika bifise uruhara ruto mu kwonona ikirere vyisanga mu madeni y'umurengera kugira ngo bishobore guhangana n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere.

'Abonona ikirere bategerezwa kurihishwa'

Dr Kgaogelo Chiloane, muri Afrika y'Epfo, yatanguje ikigo KEC Environmental Solutions avuga ati:

Ibihugu vya Afrika bitishoboye bikeneye imfashanyo kugira ngo bihangane n'ingaruka z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere ryabaye ndanse, ariko ni ngombwa ko akamo kavyo kumvikana.

Hari imico n'imigenzo myinshi hamwe n'ubuhinga vyirengagizwa.

Akenshi ingingo zirafatwa zigashirwa mu ngiro abanyagihugu batagishijwe inama kandi batanaziyumvamwo.

Ni ngombwa ko amareta agisha inama umunyagihugu wo hasi ku bijanye na poritike yo guhangana n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere muri rusangi.

Hanyuma ingingo y'uko "uwonona ikirere ategerezwa kurihishwa" itegerezwa kuba ishingiro nyamukuru ku bihugu vyose.

Amakompanyi makuru makuru asohora ivyuka bihumanya ikirere ategerezwa kurihishwa ku vyononekaye, mu gihe amaze imyaka n'imyaka bungukira mu guhumanya ikirere.