Afghanistan: Ingene ingabo z’ibihugu vya rutura vyagiye bitsindwa muri iki gihugu mu myaka 180 iheze

Ingoma y'Ubwongereza yaragerageje mu kinjana ca 19, igihe iki gihugu airco cari rutura kw'isi yose, ariko mu 1919, yarananiwe biba ngombwa ko iva muri Afghanistan, nayo ironka intahe y'ukwikukira.

Mu nyuma, Reta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti (Union Sovietique/Soviet Union) zahoze zitwa URSS, nazo zaragerageje, aho mu 1979 zatera ico gihugu mu ntumbero yo gushigikira ubutegetsi bwa gikomunista (bwari bwashitse ku butegetsi mw'itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi ryabaye mu 1978); vyafashe imyaka cumi yose kugira ngo aba Soviet babone ko badashobora gutsinda iyo ntambara.

Abongereza n'aba Soviet bose bafise ico bahuriyeko, n'uko igihe batera Afghanistan, bose bari bafise ubwami baganza (empires), ariko bidatevye bugatangura gusenyuka.

Inyuma y'imyaka 20 habaye igitero c'ingabo mvamakungu zari zirongowe na Amerika mu 2001 muri ico gihugu, hamwe n'intambara yakurikiye igahitana ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, ubutegetsi bwa Joe Biden bwafashe ingingo yo gutahukana ingabo za Amerika zari muri Afghanistan mu kwa kane uno mwaka.

Ni ingingo yateye impari nyinshi cane ikanegurwa bikomeye, ikaba yatumye Kabul, umugwa mukuru wa Afghanistan, igwa mu minwe y'aba Taliban, umuhari wiyitirira idini rya Islam, ifatwa mu ntambara yamaze akanya urume rumara.

Biden abandanya ashigikira ingingo yafashe yo gutahukana ingabo, aho avuga ko ata banyamerika bakwiye "gupfira mu ntambara y'abanya-Afghanistan bo nyene ubwabo batiteguriye kurwana".

Yongera ati: "Nta ngabo za gisirikare, uko zoba zingana kwose, zishobora gushika kuri Afghanistan itekanye kandi iri hamwe", akibutsa ko iki gihugu kizwi nk'aho ingoma zatikiriye canke zahambwe ( cimetière d'empires/ cemetery of empires).

Afghanistan yabaye imva y'ingabo za rutura zagerageje kuyigarurira muri bino binjana vya vuba - mu ntango bikaboneka ko bishoboka, ariko bikaza kurangira zihunze igihugu.

David Isby, umuhinga mu bijanye n'imigenderanire no kwivuna abansi, akaba ari na we yanditse igitabo Afghanistan: Cemetery of empires "(2010), yabwiye BBC Mundo ati: "Si ukuvuga ko abanya-Afghanistan bafise ubushobozi burenze, icabaye muri ico gihugu ni amakosa y'ibi bihugu biyitera vyo nyene ubwavyo, ingorane ziva kw'itama ry'ugushaka kwigarurira ubundi bwami".

Ku mwihwezo akora, Isby aremera ko Afghanistan ari ahantu hagoye: ni igihugu kigoye, kidafise amabarabara akomeye, ata terambere rikomeye gifise kandi kidafise umuhora ugishikana kw'ibahari.

Yongerako ati: "Ariko ibihugu rutura, vyaba ivy'aba Soviet, Abongereza canke Abanyamerika, ntivyigeze vyerekana ubwitonzi mu kurondera gutorera umuti Afghanistan. Bamye bashaka gukora ibintu uko bavyumva bo nyene kandi ntibigeze bashobora gutahura ko iki gihugu kigoye cane".

Hari ikintu gikunze kuvugwa ko ata "muntu ashobora kwigarurira Afghanistan". Uku ni ukwihenda: aba-Perses, aba-Mongols hamwe na Alexandre le Grand barashoboye kubikora muri kahise ka kure.

Ikizwi ni uko abo bose bagerageje kuyigarurira bahatikiriye bikomeye. Kandi ibi bihugu bitatu vya nyuma vyagerageje gutera Kabul ariko vyarananiwe.

Ubwongereza n'ibitero vyabwo bitatu

Mu gihe kitari gito c'ikinjana ca 19, Afghanistan yarabaye "ikiririmbiro rikomeye" hagati y'Ubwongereza n'Uburusiya vyarondera kwigarurira Aziya yo hagati.

Mu kiringo c'imyaka mirongo, Moscou na Londres vyarahanganye mu bijanye n'imigenderanire na poririke, mu rugamba rwagiye gutsindwa n'Ubwongereza, ariko butakaje vyinshi. Ubwongereza bwarateye ico gihugu incuro zitatu zose, hagati ya 1839 na 1919, kandi twovuga ko muri izo ncuro zitatu zose bwananiwe.

Mu ntambara ya mbere hagati y'Abongereza n'abanya-Afghanistan - intambara yatanguye igihe Ubwongereza bwigarurira Kabul mu 1839 kubera ugutinya ko Uburusiya bwobutangayo - Londres yaratsinzwe mu buryo bushobora kuba ari ubwa mbere bumaramaje muri kahise kabwo: igisirikare c'ico gihugu ari naco cari ica mbere kw'isi yose gikomeye, caraneshejwe bimwe biteye isoni, kineshwa n'abarwanyi b'imiryango (tribus) bakoresha ibirwanisho bisamzwe.

Inyuma y'imyaka itatu bateye ico gihugu, abanya-Afghanistan baruhutse babomoye umugwa mukuru, ivyabaviriyemwo akaga.

Umwongereza umwe rudende niwe yarokotse, mu murwi w'abantu barenga ibihumbi 16 bavuye kw'ikambi y'Abongereza ku wa 6 z'ukwa mbere 1842, bafise intumbero yo gushika i Jalalabad (mu buseruko bwa Kabul).

Isby asigura ati: "Iyi ntambara yarasubije inyuma cane intego y'Ubwongereza yo kwigarurira umugabane, yongera kandi ivuguruza ivyari bizwi ico gihe ko Ubwongereza budashobora gutsindwa".

Haciye hafi imyaka 40, Ubwongereza bwarasubiye buragerageza, ariko nta kintu kinini bwashitseko.

Intambara igira kabiri hagati y'Abongereza n'abanya-Afghanistan, yabaye hagati ya 1878 na 1880, yarangiye Afghanistan iguye mu minwe y'Ubwongereza, ariko Londres ivamwo iratana n'akabando muri poritike yabwo, ikaba yagumije umushikiranganji umwe gusa i Kabul.

Ubwongereza bwahisemwo kurondera no gushigikira umu emir (twogereranya n'umwami) mushasha, buca buvana ingabo zabwo mu gihugu.

Ariko mu 1919, intambara ya gatatu yaradutse igihe uyu mu emir mushasha atangarije ko igihugu cikukiye, kidakeneye gutwarwa n'Ubwongereza.

Ico gihe, revolution Bolshevik yari yagabanije ubwoba Ubwongereza bwari bufise ku Burusiya, kandi muri uwo mwanya nyene intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yari yamugaje cane igisirikare c'Ubwongereza, vyumvikana ko butari bwitayeho cane Afghanistan.

Ibi vyatumye, inyuma y'amezi ane gusa, UBwingereza butsindwa bukemera intahe y'ukwikukira ya Afghanistan.

Ariko rero, n'aho Abongereza bari bavuye muri ico gihugu, bizwi ko Ubwongereza bwabandanije bushinze ijisho Afghanistan mu kiringo c'imyaka itari mike.

Vietnam y'aba Soviet

Mu myaka ya 1920, Emir Amanullah Khan yaragerageje kuzana impinduka mu gihugu, bimwe mu vyo yahinduye akaba yarakuyeho ingingo yategeka abagore kwambara burqa. Ingingo zitari nke yafashe zateye uburakari imiryango (tribus) imwe hamwe n'abategetsi b'idini, ivyatumye haduka intambata hagati mu gihugu (guerre civile).

Indyane muri Afghanistan ziturutse ku kurwanira ubutegetsi zarabandanije mu kiringo c'imyaka mirongo gushika aho aba Soviet batereye ico gihugu mu 1979 mu ntumbero yo gushigikira ubutegetsi bwa gikomunista bwajegajega..

Imirwi y'aba mujahideen (abarwanyi b'aba Islam b'intagondwa) yariyamirije aba Soviet ica itangura kubarwanya, amafaranga n'ibirwanisho bikaba vyatangwa na Amerika, Pakistan, Ubushinwa, Iran na Arabia Saoudite.

Uburusiya bwateguye ibitero vyo hasi no mu kirere mu ntumbero yo gusambura ibigwati n'imirima mu turere babona ko tubateye ikibazo, abanyagihugu bata izabo abandi barahasiga ubuzima.

Iki gitero c'abarusiya nico cabaye rutikizabantu mu bitero vyose vyari bimaze kuba, kikaba cahitanye hafi umuriyoni n'igice (1,5) barapfa, abandi bagera ku miriyoni zitanu barahunga.

Hamwe hamwe, aba Soviet barashoboye kwigarurira ibisagara bikomakomeye, ariko aba mujahideen basa n'uko bidegemvya mu turere twinshi two mu misozi.

Ingabo z'aba Soviet zaragerageje uburyo butandukanye bwo gutuza abarwanyi, ariko muri rusangi inyeshamba zarashobora gukwepa ibitero vyabo.

Igihugu cari casambutse

Umukuru w'igihugu wa Reta Zunze Ubumwe z'aba Soviet ico gihe, Mikhail Gorbachev, yahavuye abona ko atari gushobora kubandanya intambara mu gihe yariko agerageza kuzana impinduka mu butunzi bw'Uburusiya, akaba yahavuye afata ingingo yo gutahukana ingabo ziwe mu 1988, ariko isura y'ico gihugu ntiyigeze isubirana.

Aba Soviet bavuye muri ico gihugu gisigaye ari umusaka. Iyo ntambara yahitanye abantu hafi umuriyoni n'igice (1.5), abandi bababa ku miriyoni zitanu barahunga.

Afghanistan yabaye Vietnam ya Reta Zunze Ubumwe z'aba Soviet. Yabaye intambara yatwaye uburyo bwinshi kandi iba intambara imaramaje, kuko, n'aho yakoresheje inguvu zose, URSS yaratsinzwe imaramazwa n'inyeshamba.

Umuhinga David Isby agira ati: "Aba Soviet bagiye kurondera ubutegetsi muri Afghanistan, mu gihe neza neza hari ukutumvikana gukomeye ku ntunganyo y'ubutegetsi bw'aba Soviet, muri reta yabwo no mu gisirikare".

"Iryo ryabaye rimwe mu makosa akomeye y'aba Soviet".

Haciye akanya gato, Reta Zunze Ubumwe z'aba Soviet (ni ukuvuga icahoze citwa USSR/URSS) zarasambutse.

Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'ingingo yayo y'akaga yo kuva mu gihugu

Inyuma y'ibitero vy'Ubwongereza n'aba Soviet ataco vyasitseko, Amerika yararongoye igitero gishasha muri Afghanistan mu 2001, isezeranya gushigikira demokarasi no kurandurana n'imizi iterabwoba ryakorwa na Al Qaeda, inyuma y'ibitero vyo ku wa 11 z'ukw'icenda, 2001.

Nk'uko vyagenze ku bindi bihugu bibiri vyari vyateye ico gihugu imbere y'aho, Washington yarashoboye kwigarurira Kabul mu kiringo gito, yomora aba Taliban bari ku butegetsi ico gihe.

Haciye imyaka itatu, haciye hashingwa reta nshasha ya Afghanistan, ariko ibitero rutikizabantu vy'aba Taliban vyarabandanije.

Mu 2009, uwari umukuru w'igihugu ico gihe Barack Obama yatangaje ko yongereje igitigiri c'ingabo, ivyatumye yigiza inyuma aba Taliban, ariko bitamaze igihe kirekire.

Mu 2014, umwaka wasesetsemwo amaraso menshi cane kuva mu 2001, ingabo za OTAN/NATO zarahagaritse igikorwa cazo zishikiriza igisirikare ca Afghanistan ibikorwa vyo gucungera umutekano.

Ibi vyatumye aba Taliban bigarurira utundi turere tutari duke.

Umwaka wakurikiye, uwu muhari wabandanije wiyubaka ukora n'ibitero bitari bike vy'ubwiyahuzi. Niwo wiyitiriye ibitero ku nyubakwa y'inama nshingamateka hamwe n'ikindi mu micungararo y'ikibuga c'indege kiri ku mugwa mukuru.

Nk'uko Isby abivuga, hari ibintu vyinshi bitagenze neza muri iki gitero ca Amerika.

Ati: "N'aho habaye inguvu nyinshi mu vya gisirikare no mu migenderanire, imwe mu ngorane nyamukuru ni uko yaba Amerika canke amakungu, nta n'umwe yigeze ashobora kwumvisha Pakistan ngo ihebe uruhara rwayo mu ntambara vyagaragaye ko rwari rufise ikibanza gikomeye".

"Iyi ntambara yo mu kinyegero yabonetse ko ari yo yagenze neza gusumba iy'amasasu".

Mu gihe intambara y'aba Soviet yasheshe amaraso menshi cane, iy'abanyamerika yoyo yatwaye uburyo bwinshi cane.

Aba Soviet bakoresha hafi imiriyaridi zibiri z'amadorari y'abanyamerika muri Afghanistan buri mwaka, mu gihe hagati ya 2010 na 2012, iyi ntambara yatwaye Amerika hafi imiriyaridi 100 z'amadorari ku mwaka, nk'uko vyerekanwa n'ibiharuro bitangwa na Amerika yo nyene.

Ariko rero, ifatwa rya Kabul ryagereranijwe n'ivyabaye muri Vietnam y'Epfo.

Umushingamateka w'umu Repubulika Elise Stefanik yanditse kuri Twitter ati: "Iyi ni Saigon ya Joe Biden, ugutsindwa ku rubuga mpuzamakungu kutazokwigera kwibagirwa".

Amerika imaze kuvana ingabo zayo muri Afghanistan maze aba Taliban bagaca bigarurira ubutegetsi, amakungu ahanganye n'ikindi kibazo c'ubutabazi gikomeye, aho ibihumbi n'ibihumbi vy'abantu bategerezwa kurondera ubuhungiro.

David Isby ati: "Mu gihe ca vuba ni ngombwa kuraba nimba ubutegetsi bw'aba Taliban bushobora kwemerwa n'amakungu, iki kikaba ari ikintu kitizewe cane".

Hanyuma mu gihe vyoboneka ko amakungu atizeye ubutegetsi bw'aba Taliban, hazoba hasigaye kuraba nimba ata kindi gihugu rutura kizohava naco ciyamvya kigakora ikindi gitero muri Afghanistan, itikiriro ry'ibihugu rutura.