Perfect tenseAuxiliary verbs

The perfect tense is used to discuss regular events in the past. Learn how to form the perfect tense using the auxiliary verbs haben and sein together with regular and irregular past participles.

Part ofGermanGrammar (for exams until 2025)

Auxiliary verbs

An auxiliary verb acts as a crutch for the past participle.

The past participle can't function without the helping auxiliary verb. This means that we don’t translate it, but that it has to be there for the perfect tense to work properly.

The auxiliary verbs you use with the past participle are either haben (to have) or sein (to be).

A crutch with 'Auxiliary' written on it.

How to use auxiliary verbs

It's really important that you know all the present tense forms of haben and sein, as these are the two auxiliary verbs that 'help' the past participle.

To form the perfect tense, you use the present tense of haben and sein as the auxiliary verb.

Have a look at this table to remind yourself how they work:

habensein
ich habeich bin
du hastdu bist
er/sie/es hater/sie/es ist
wir habenwir sind
ihr habtihr seid
Sie habenSie sind
sie habensie sind
habenich habe
seinich bin
habendu hast
seindu bist
habener/sie/es hat
seiner/sie/es ist
habenwir haben
seinwir sind
habenihr habt
seinihr seid
habenSie haben
seinSie sind
habensie haben
seinsie sind

Can you see how the forms of the verbs change?

Neither of them is regular, but sein is particularly irregular. In fact, it is the most irregular verb in the German language. This is another reason why it’s so important for you to learn it well.