This knockout tie pitted two sides at opposite ends of the footballing spectrum.
France's attack, which has been at its free-flowing best in this tournament, came up against a Paraguay side that tried to disrupt their rhythm with physicality, aggression and defensive organisation.
And breaking them down proved a difficult task for Didier Deschamps' men in a contest which became only the third World Cup knockout tie since 1966 to not have a first-half shot on target.
But once again it was Mbappe who delivered the decisive moment - this time to send Les Bleus into the last eight and the South Americans packing.
The France captain kept his composure from the penalty spot, after some brilliant footwork from Doue to draw the foul, in a contest where France were frustrated not only by Paraguay but also a series of refereeing calls that did not go their way.
Alfaro's side conceded 13 fouls but finished the match without a single booking, while France received three yellow cards, having committed 11 fouls.
Mbappe, still only 27, now has 19 World Cup goals from 19 games as he chases Lionel Messi - who has taken the all-time record during this tournament by extending his tally to 20.
The last time these two teams met in this competition also produced a tense and tightly contested affair in the last 16 - in 1998 when France were hosts.
It was Laurent Blanc who struck a golden goal to defeat Paraguay on that occasion and two weeks later, captain Deschamps lifted the country's first World Cup.
Deschamps finds himself in a different role 28 years on but he will hope history repeats itself as his team took another step in that direction.