Sida Ruushku isaga oo aamusan isugu dayayo in uu ku guuleysto dunida ka baxsan reer galbeedka

Javier Gallardo wuxuu jecel yahay inuu subaxdiisa ku bilaabo daawashada barnaamij muusig classic ah oo telefishinka ka socda waana qayb ka mid ah jadwalkiisa maalinlaha ah, wuxuuna ka caawiyaa inuu yeesho dareen sax ah ka hor inta uusan shaqada u bixin, isagoo darawal ka ah baabuurta xamuulka qaada.

Laakiin Isniin ka mid ah bishii Juun, markii uu shiday telefishinka, halkii uu ka daawan lahaa muusig, shaashadda waxa ka buuxsamay sawirro dagaal ah. Warbixin ayaa ka socotay kanaal uusan waligiis maqal.

"Maxaa dhacay?" ayuu isweydiiyay. Kadib 20 daqiiqo, wuu damiyay. "Ma aanan la jaanqaadi karin."

Calaamad cagaaran oo ku jirtay geeska hoose ee shaashadda ayaa muujisay xarfo ah: "RT". Markii uu internetka ka baadhaay, wuxuu ogaaday in tani tahay kanaal Ruush ah.

Javier wuxuu ku nool yahay Chile. Waxaa la sheegayaa in Telecanal, oo ah kanaal gaar loo leeyahay oo dalkaas ka jira, uu siiyay khadkiisa telefeeshinka dowladda Ruushku taageerto ee RT kaas oo horey loogu yaqiinay Russia Today.

Hay'adda dalka u qaabilsan kormeerka warbaahinta ayaa billowday tallaabo ciqaabeed oo ka dhan ah Telecanal, sababo la xidiidha suurtagalnimada in uu jabiyay sharciga warbaahinta, waxaana ay sugaysaa jawaabta kanaalka.

Telecanal kama aysan jawaabin codsiga faallo laga doonayay.

Dhanka kale, daawadayaashu waxay ku dambeeyeen jahwareer.

"Waan xanaaqay," ayuu qirtay Javier. "Waxba hore kama aanu sheegin, mana fahmin sababta."

Saddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay, kanaalka wararka Ruushka ee ay dawladdu taageerto RT iyo wakaalladda wararka iyo Raadiyaha Sputnik ayaa ballaadhiyay joogitaankooda caalamiga ah; waxay hadda ka baahiyaan warar dalalka Afrika, wadamada Balkans-ka, Bariga Dhexe, Koonfur-bari Aasiya, iyo Latin America.

Tanina waxay dhacaysaa iyadoo Ruushku xayiraado saareen wadama reer Galbeedka.

Ka dib markii Ruushku si buuxda ugu duulay Ukraine bishii Febraayo 2022, waxaa la saaray xayiraado baahsan oo lagu bartilmaameedsaday warbaahinta RT oo ay sameeyeen dalalka Mareykanka, UK, Kanada, iyo guud ahaan Midowga Yurub iyo sidoo kale shirkado waaweyn oo teknolojiyad ah sababo la xidhiidha faafinta warar marin habaabin ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka.

Arrintan waxay gaadhay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay sanadkii 2024, markaas oo masuuliyiin Maraykan ah ay cunaqabatayn ku soo rogeen madaxda RT oo ay ku jirto tifaftiraha guud ee RT, Margarita Simonyan iyadoo lagu eedeeyay in ay isku dayayeen in ay wax u dhimaan "kalsoonida dadweynaha" ee hay'adaha dalkaas.

Tani waxay dhacday iyadoo Ruushka lagu eedeynayay inuu abaabulayay olole ballaadhan oo lagu faragelinayo doorashada madaxweynaha Mareykanka. RT way diiday eedeymahaas.

Hase yeeshee, meelo kale ayay saamaynta RT sii kordhaysay.

Tan iyo 2023, RT waxay xafiis ka furatay Algeria, waxayna bilaawday adeeg telefishin oo af-Serbian ah, sidoo kalena waxay bilowday barnaamijyo tababar bilaash ah oo loogu talagalay suxufiyiinta ka socda Afrika, Koonfur-bari Aasiya, Hindiya, iyo Shiinaha.

Sidoo kale warbaahinta RT waxay ku dhawaaqday inay xafiis ka furanayso dalka Hindiya. Dhanka kale, Sputnik waxay xafiis warbaahineed ka furtay Itoobiya bishii Febraayo.

Dhammaan arrimahan waxay ku beegmeen xilli ay muuqato daciifnimo kaga timid warbaahinta Reer Galbeedka ee qaar ka mid ah gobolladaas. Sababaha waxaa ka mid ah goosashada miisaaniyadda iyo siyaasado dibadda oo is beddelaya, taasoo keentay in qaar ka mid ah warbaahintaasi ay yareeyaan shaqaalahooda ama gabi ahaanba ka baxaan qaar ka mid ah dalalka dunida.

Laba sano ka hor, BBC-da waxay xirtay adeeggeedii idaacadda Carabiga, waxayna dooratay adeeg dijital ah oo bixiya warar maqal, muuqaal, iyo qoraal ah. Tan iyo markaas, waxay bilowday adeegyo idaacad degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay Gaza iyo Sudan. Isla sannadkaas, Sputnik ee Ruushka ayaa bilaabay adeeg 24-saac ah oo ka hawlgala Lubnaan, taasoo buuxisay meeshii BBC Carabi ka baxday.

Dhanka kale, adeegga warbaahineed ee ay maalgeliso dowladda Mareykanka, Voice of America, ayaa shaqada ka jartay inta badan shaqaalaheedii.

"Ruushku wuxuu la mid yahay biyo: halka ay dillaacdo shamiintadu, wuu dhex maraa," ayay tidhi Dr Kathryn Stoner, oo ah xeeldheere siyaasadeed kana tirsan Jaamacadda Stanford.

Haddaba su'aasha weli taagan ayaa ah: Waa maxay ujeeddada ugu dambeysa ee Ruushku leeyahay? Iyo maxay ka dhigan tahay faafitaanka awoodda warbaahineed ee Ruushka ee gobolladaas xilli uu nidaamka caalamiga ahi is beddelayo?

'Dhammaan ma aha kuwa ku xeel dheer waxyaabaha is-moodsiisk ah'

"Wadamada ka baxsan Galbeedka waa dhul aad u dihin caqli ahaan, dhaqan ahaan, iyo fikrad ahaanba [sababtoo ah] hadhaadigooda shuucuureed ayaa ka soo horjeeda Maraykanka, reer galbeedka, iyo shucuurtooda gumeysi oo diid ah," ayuu yidhi Stephen Hutchings, oo ah borofisar cilmiga Ruushka ka dhiga Jaamacadda Manchester.

Dacaayadaha Ruushka, ayuu ku dooday, sidoo kale si xariifnimo ah ayaa loo faafiyaa: waxa ku jira waxaa loo habeeyey si loogu adeego dhagaystayaal gaar ah, xitaa haddii ay la macno tahay qaadashada mawqifyada fikradeed ee kala duwan ee gobollo kala duwan.

Suurayso sida dadka u arkaan RT. Reer Galbeedka, waxaa badanaa loo arkaa "hay'ad dawladeed oo Ruush ah oo faafisa warar marin habaabin ah," ayuu yidhi. Laakiin meelaha kale ee caalamka, RT waxaa badanaa loo arkaa inay tahay warbaahin sharci ah oo leh xeerar tafatir gaar ah.

Tani waxay daawadayaasha ka dhigaysaa kuwo si fudud ugu rumaysan kara wararka RT – "ma aha dhammaan dad waalan ama rumaysta mala-awaal aan sal lahayn."

Sidaas ayuu u dhigay Dr Rhys Crilley, oo ah bare ka dhiga xidhiidhka caalamiga ah Jaamacadda Glasgow. Wuxuu aaminsan yahay in sida RT u soo bandhigto wararka caalamka ay kasban karto dhagaystayaal ballaadhan "dad si dhab ah uga walaacsan cadaaladdarrooyinka caalamiga ah, ama dhacdooyin ay u arkaan in Galbeedku uu ka dambeeyo."

'Marin habaabin aad u qaabaysan'

Marka laga eego dusha sare, bogga caalamiga ah ee RT wuxuu la egyahay bog warar caadi ah, wuxuuna qaarkood si sax ah u soo wariyaa. "[Tani waa] marin habaabin si aad ah loo qorsheeyay," ayay tidhi Dr Precious Chatterje-Doody, oo ah bare sare oo siyaasadda iyo cilmiga caalamiga ah ka dhiga Open University. Waxay buug RT ka qortay iyada oo la shaqaynaysa Prof Hutchings, Dr Crilley, iyo aqoonyahanno kale.

Iyadu iyo asxaabteeda kale waxay falanqeeyeen wararkii caalamiga ahaa ee RT muddadii u dhaxaysay May 2017 illaa May 2019, waxayna gunaanadeen in sida RT u xusho wararka ay baahiso (kuwa ay doorato iyo kuwa ay ka tagto) ay la jaan qaadayaan hadallo gaar ah oo la dhisayo.

Tusaale ahaan, cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in RT mudnaanta siiso wararka rabshadaha bulshada marka ay ka dhacaan dalalka Yurub, halka marka laga hadlayo arrimaha gudaha ee Ruushka, had iyo jeer xoogga la saaro dhoolatusyada milatari ee dalkaas.

RT sidoo kale waxay si cad u faafisaa sheegashooyin been abuur ah, sida in la sheegayo in qabsashadii Ruushka ee Crimea sannadkii 2014 ahayd "dib-u-mideyn nabadeed", iyadoo la inkirayo caddeymo muujinaya in ciidamo militari ku lug lahaayeen. Tan iyo duullaankii buuxa ee Ukraine ee 2022, RT si nidaamsan ayay u diiday caddeymaha muujinaya dambiyada dagaal ee Ruushku ka geystay halkaas.

RT sidoo kale waxay daabacday warar ay ku jiraan falanqeeyayaal ku eedeynaya Ukraine in ay soo ridday diyaaraddii Malaysia Airlines MH17 bishii Luulyo 2014. (Hay'adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan duulista hawada waxay go'aamisay in Ruushka uu mas'uul ka yahay dhacdadaas. Baadhayaal caalami ahna waxay heleen in nidaam gantaal oo Ruushka laga keenay, lana geeyay bariga Ukraine ee la haysto, loo adeegsaday si loo soo rido diyaaradda.)

Waxyaabihii layaabka lahaa waxay ahayd sida daawadayaashu u arkeen wararkaas.

Intii u dhaxaysay 2018 ilaa 2022, cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay wareysteen 109 qof oo daawan jiray RT gudaha UK, ka hor intii aan laga xayn-daabin kanaalkaas, iyadoo laga qaaday ruqsaddii baahinta ee Ofcom.

Dr Chatterje-Doody waxay sheegtay inay aragtay in dad badani yiraahdeen: "RT way eexataa", balse waxay dareemeen in ay haystaan xirfado ay ku kala gartaan wararka runta ah iyo kuwa aan saxda ahayn.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo ku saleysan cilmi-baadhisteeda, waxay ka digtay:

"[Dhagaystayaashu] si dhab ah uma oga sida saxda ah ee RT u eexato, ama halka ay ka timaaddo marin habaabinta wararkeeda."

Waa maxay sababta Ruushku u soo cusboonaysiiyay diiradiisa Afrika

Baahinta ugu weyn ee warbaahinta dawladda Ruushku dhawaantan samaysay waa Afrika, sida uu sheegay Prof Hutchings.

Bishii Febraayo, mas'uuliyiinta Ruushku waxay u safreen Itoobiya si ay u soo bandhigaan xarun cusub oo tifaftirka Sputnik. Sputnik waxa uu hore ugu baahiyey qaybo ka mid ah Afrika oo ku hadla afafka Ingiriisida iyo Faransiiska, waxana uu ku balaadhiyey in lagu daro Amxaariga oo ka mid ah luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee Itoobiya.

RT waxa ay sidoo kale dib u habayn ku samaysay kanaalka ku hadla afka Faransiiska si ay u beegsato wadamada Afrikaanka ah ee ku hadla afka Faransiiska, iyada oo ay weheliso u wareejinta maalgelinta mashaariicda London, Paris, Berlin iyo Maraykanka ee qaaradda, sida uu sheegay tifaftiraha guud ee RT.

Sanadkii hore, warbaahinta dawladda Ruushka waxay sheegtay in RT ay xarumo warbaahineed ku leedahay toddobo dal oo Afrika ah, inkasta oo aan si madaxbannaan loo xaqiijin karin arrintaas.

Afrikaan badan ayaa horeyba u lahaa aragti saaxiibtinimo ah oo ay u hayaan Ruushka dareenka ka dhanka ah gumeysiga iyo cadaalad-darrada quwadaha shisheeye, iyo sidoo kale dhaxalka taageeradii Midowgii Soofiyeeti uu siiyay halgannadii xornimo doonka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, ayaa ka dhigay arrintan mid si fudud u dhacda.

Iyadoo Ruushku uu hadda diiradda saarayo arrintan, wuxuu rajeynayaa inuu wiiqo saameynta reer galbeedka, uu dhiso taageero siyaasadeed oo uu helo xiriir dhaqaale, sida uu sheegay Dr Crilley. Markii RT ay bilawday koorsadeeda ugu horreysa ee internetka ee la beegsanayo wariyeyaasha iyo qorayaasha Afrika, Waaxda BBC ee la dagaalanka war-xumada ayaa kusoo biirtay si ay wax badan uga ogaato.

Inside RT's course for African reporters

Markii RT ay bilowday koorsadii ugu horeysay ee khadka tooska ah ee loogu talagalay wariyeyaasha Afrikaanka ah iyo kuwa wax ku qora , qeybta macluumaadka caalamiga ah ee BBC ayaa ku soo biirtay si ay wax badan u ogaato.

"Waxaan nahay kuwa ugu fiican ee hubinta xaqiiqda, waligeedna lama qaban anagoo qaybinayna macluumaad been abuur ah," ayuu agaasimaha guud ee RT Alexey Nikolov u sheegay ardayda.

Hal cashar ayaa baadhay si loo beeniyo macluumaadka khaldan. Macallinka ayaa sheegay in weerar hubka kiimikada ah lagu qaaday magaalada Douma ee dalka Suuriya sanadkii 2018-kii, kaas oo uu geystay taliska Bashaar Al-Asad ee Ruushku taageero, uu ahaa "tusaale sharci ah oo ah wararka been abuurka ah", isaga oo iska indhatiraya natiijooyinka baaritaan laba sano ah oo uu sameeyay Ururka Mamnuucidda Hubka Kiimikada ee lagu xaqiijinayo in weerarradaas ay fuliyeen Ciidanka Cirka ee Suuriya.

Martigeliyuhu sidoo kale wuu iska diiday xasuuqii baahsanaa ee ciidamada Ruushku ka geysteen magaalada Bucha ee Yukrayn sanadkii 2022, isagoo ku tilmaamay "beenta ugu caansan." (Tani waxay dhacday inkasta oo ay jirto caddayn xooggan oo ka timid Qaramada Midoobay iyo ilo madax-bannaan oo si toos ah u eedeynaya ciidamada Ruushka.)

Markii lala hadlay dadkii ka qeyb galay koorsada kadib, badidoodu ma aysan muujin wax dareen ah oo ka dhan ah qaar ayaa u sheegay BBC-da in ay aaminsan yihiin in RT ay tahay telefishin caalami ah oo caadi ah, la mid ah CNN ama Al Jazeera.

Markii aan wareysanay saxafi Itoobiyaan ah bishii December 2024, wuxuu ku celiyay sheegashooyinka RT isagoo ku tilmaamay dilalkii Bucha inay ahaayeen "dhacdo la jilay." Sawirka astaanta bartiisa bulshada wuxuu ahaa sawirka Putin.

Saxafiga ka socday Sierra Leone ayaa qiray khatarta ay leedahay war-xumo faafinta iyo marin-habaabinta, balse waqtigaas wuxuu ku daray in hay'ad kasta oo warbaahin ah ay leedahay "qiime warar iyo qaab u gaar ah."

Bariga dhexe iyo illaa Laatiin Ameerika

In the Middle East, Russian state media like RT Arabic and Sputnik Arabic are tailoring their coverage of the Israel-Gaza war to appeal to pro-Palestinian audiences, according to Prof Hutchings.

Elsewhere, including in Latin America, RT is also attempting to expand its reach.

RT is available for free in 10 countries in the region according to its website. Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela are among them. It's also on cable television in 10 other countries.

Offering international news in Spanish in free-to-air television is "part of its success," says Dr Armando Chaguaceda, a Cuban-Mexican historian and political scientist, who is a researcher from the think tank, Government and Political Analysis (focused on civic education and the promotion of democratic culture).

Inkasta oo RT laga mamnuucay YouTube guud ahaan caalamka tan iyo bishii Maarso 2022, haddana meelo gaar ah ayay weli si qarsoodi ah uga muuqataa barxaddaas.

Argentina, nin 52 jir ah oo ah farsamo yaqaan oo lagu magacaabo Aníbal Baigorria ayaa duuba warbixinnada RT oo uu geliyo kanaalkiisa YouTube-ga, isagoo ku daraya falcelintiisa.

"Halkaan Buenos Aires wararku aad bay u diiradda saaraan magaalada," ayuu yidhi. "RT waxay bixisaa dulmar guud oo ku saabsan dhammaan dalalka Latin America iyo, dabcan, wararka caalamka."

"Qof walba wuxuu xaq u leeyahay inuu go'aansado wuxuu rumaysan yahay inuu sax yahay."

Fahmidda saamaynta

Ugu dambeyntii, waa arrin adag in si sax ah loo cabbiro saameynta warbaahinta uu Ruushku maalgeliyo ee ka jirta dunida dacalladeeda.

RT waxay sheeganaysaa in in ka badan 900 milyan oo qof ay si toos ah uga daawan karaan barnaamijyadeeda in ka badan 100 waddan, iyadoo sidoo kale sheegtay in nuxurkeedu la heshay 23 bilyan oo daawashooyin ah onleen sanadkii 2024.

Laakiin, sida uu sheegay Dr Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, oo ah borofisar ka tirsan isgaarsiinta jaamacadda Copenhagen: "Helitaanka warbaahin ma ahan qiyaas dhab ah oo lagu cabbiro tirada dhagaystayaasha."

Wuxuu sidoo kale ku doodaa in tirada 900 milyan ee daawadayaasha ah ay tahay "mid si aad ah u macquul darro ah", isla markaana uu daawashada internet-ka ku tilmaamay cabbir aan qeexnayn oo si fudud loo khiyaani karo.

Dr Chatterje-Doody waxay la qabtaa in qiimeynta saameynta tooska ah ay tahay mid aad u adag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay tilmaantay hal tusaale oo laga yaabo inuu muujiyo guul u ah Ruushka: Gobolka Saaxil ee Afrika, oo ka bilaabma Senegal una fidsan bariga ilaa Sudan, Ruushka wuxuu ka ciyaaray door ciidan oo muhiim ah "iyadoo ay jirto mucaarad dadweyne oo aad u yar," xitaa marka la tixgeliyo xaaladaha adag ee deegaankaas. (Wuxuu si xooggan uga dhigay joogitaankiisa isagoo taageeray xukun-milateri ka jira dalal ay ka mid yihiin Mali, Burkina Faso, iyo Niger.)

Sheeko kale oo si xooggan u faaftay waxay ahayd sababta Ruushku ku sheegay duullaankiisa Yukrayn. Ruushka wuxuu muddo dheer ku doodayay in ballaarinta Nato ee dhanka bari iyo xiriirka sii kordhaya ee Yukrayn la leedahay isbahaysigaas ay sabab u tahay weerarkiisa buuxa, isagoo ku andacoonaya in ay ahayd "khatarta amni" iyo in Ruushku uu ku dhaqaaqay "is-difaac".

Inkastoo sheegashadan laga beeniyay si weyn oo cad dhinaca reer galbeedka, haddana waxay si ballaaran u sii fiday Global South (dunida koonfureed).

Dr Crilley wuxuu leeyahay aragti u gaar ah oo ku saabsan waxa Ruushku ugu dambeyn hiigsanayo.

"[Kremlinku wuxuu isku dayayaa] inuu yareeyo go'doominta uu Ruushka ku wajahanyahay fagaaraha caalamiga ah, isagoo isku muujinaya inuu yahay dhibbane kale oo la mid ah kuwa kale ee la kulma gardarrada 'Reer Galbeedka', isla markaana isu soo bandhigaya inuu yahay difaace Dunida Koonfureed."

Wuxuu uga digayaa in khatartu tahay: "in RT iyo dadaallada kale ee war-xumo faafinta Ruushku ay ka faa'iidaystaan daldaloollada dimuqraadiyadda furan, isla markaana ay caadi ka dhigaan gardarrada Ruushka ee Ukraine, iyadoo Ruushka lagu soo bandhigayo in uusan ahayn dawlad kali-talis ah balse sidii awood deggan oo wanaagsan oo siyaasadda caalamka ku jirta."

Markii wax laga weydiiyay eedeymaha ku jira maqaalkaan, RT waxay ku jawaabtay: "Runtii, waxaan ballaarinaynaa joogitaankeena caalamka oo dhan."

Wax faahfaahin dheeraad ah kama aysan bixin qodobada gaar-gaar ah.

Sputnik kama aysan soo jawaabin codsiyo looga dalbaday inay ka hadlaan.

Ugu dambeyn, Prof. Hutchings wuxuu aaminsan yahay in dhammaanteen ay tahay inaan ka walaacno dhaqdhaqaaqyada dawladda Ruushka gaar ahaan marka loo eego mustaqbalka nidaamka aduunka iyo dimuqraadiyadda.

Wuxuu rumeysan yahay in reer galbeedku ay "indhaha ka leexiyeen waxyaabaha muhiimka ah," iyagoo jaraya maalgelinta warbaahinta, kana tagaya garoonka faaruq ah oo ay sidaas uga faa'iideystaan warbaahinta sida Russia Today.

"Waxaa jira wax badan oo lagu tartamayo… iyo wax badan oo la lumin karo… Ruushkuna wuu guuleysanayaa – balse..."