Here's a reminder of some of the key findings from the Thirlwall Inquiry:

• The deaths and near-deaths of some babies who were attacked by nurse Lucy Letby could have been prevented if safeguarding practices had been followed
• Inquiry chair Lady Justice Thirlwall said it would never be possible to know for sure how many lives could have been saved, but has found there was a "complete failure to protect babies on the neonatal unit" at the Countess of Chester Hospital
• Thirlwall said "this must never happen again" as she called for a "series of urgent reforms to practices" in neonatal units, including restricting access to insulin and installing live-streaming monitors on cots in neonatal wards in England
• Thirlwall highlighted a "profound failure of management, governance and safeguarding"
• She also described a "dysfunctional management and governance, a gulf between hospital leadership and clinicians and a failure to understand the fundamentals of safeguarding"

For more of the report's findings, read our separate news story.

The chair of the health select committee has said the "horrific circumstances" outlined in the Thirlwall Inquiry feel familiar in the context of wider NHS maternity scandals.

Lib Dem MP Layla Moran points out several factors from the report such as whistleblowers not feeling safe, regulators being “too slow off the mark” and families being kept in the dark, adding: “Unfortunately, this isn’t unique in this case.”

Speaking to BBC Breakfast, she says: “We need a sea change in the way that we deal with culture in the NHS in particular, but especially when we are talking about our must vulnerable children and babies.”

The committee chair says she welcomes Health Secretary Yvette Cooper saying she will make children’s health a priority.

“The voice of children is missing from so much of NHS decision making,” Moran adds.

On Tuesday, an inquiry into the hospital where killer nurse Lucy Letby worked published its findings. Among other things, the report said some deaths at the Countess of Chester Hospital could have been prevented. The inquiry's chair Lady Justice Thirlwall also said there was a "complete failure to protect babies" at the hospital and that safeguarding practices weren't followed.

This morning, various experts are speaking to BBC outlets, including Lib Dem MP and chair of the health select committee Layla Moran and Tamlin Bolton, a solicitor representing seven of the victims' families. We'll bring you key lines from their interviews in this page.

As a reminder, Letby is serving 15 whole-life prison terms for murdering seven babies and attempting to murder seven more. She was convicted in 2023 and has twice been denied permission to appeal against her convictions.

Adam Goldsmith
Live reporter

The government says it will look at a series of recommendations, including plans for live-streaming monitors on cots in neonatal wards, after the Thirlwall Inquiry found some baby deaths at the Countess of Chester Hospital could have been prevented.

Former nurse Lucy Letby is serving 15 whole-life prison terms for murdering seven babies and attempting to murder seven more at the hospital between 2015-16. She has twice been denied permission to appeal against her 2023 conviction.

Lady Justice Thirlwall said in her report it would never be possible to say for certain exactly how many lives could have been saved, but said there was a “complete failure to protect babies on the neonatal unit”.

The hospital has apologised and stressed it is a "different organisation today" with better governance and safety processes.

For the NHS, today must be a turning point, Health Secretary Yvette Cooper told the Commons.

Our earlier post describes changes including "urgently" developing plans for cot cameras and a new NHS hub responsible for tracking how inquiry advice is implemented.

Ultimately, a lawyer for several of the babies' families said, today's report "paints a damning picture of what happens when concerns over patient safety are not listened to or acted on".

While Lucy Letby might be the only person criminally liable for the babies' deaths, Our reporter in Liverpool writes, the Thirlwall report expands the footprint of blame to include managers and the health care service more widely.

"Deaths of babies should never again go unnoticed by the board of a hospital," Thirlwall said - you can read a summary of her recommendations in an earlier post.

• We're closing our live coverage now, but you can read more on this story in our news article here

Image source, PA Media

Lady Justice Thirlwall said the behaviour of hospital bosses was "high-handed, contrary to all safeguarding principles, and foolhardy" in her inquiry report.

She added that they ignored patient safety and the need to protect whistleblowers through ignoring "very serious concerns" from colleagues about Lucy Letby, alongside several remarks on specific executives:

Medical director Ian Harvey

• Based on evidence from his successor, Harvey "sought to control the narrative" and presented the case as he saw it to others including the board of directors, NHS England and to some extent, the coroner and police
• Thirlwall said Harvey made sure that only documents that supported his case were seen, if necessary writing them himself

Director of nursing and safeguarding lead Alison Kelly

• Kelly, alongside Harvey, also "ignored deteriorating relationships" between staff members following concerns being raised
• Thirlwall said Kelly, as head of safeguarding, knew she had to act when there was a suspicion a baby had been harmed and others may be at risk, but she "did not do so"

Chief executive Tony Chambers

• A consultant described Chambers as "dictatorial" following a meeting in January 2017
• He also said Chambers had said there was "a need to draw a line under the ‘Lucy issue'"
• The inquiry report said Chambers denied "seeking to stall or obstruct a police investigation" but that was "precisely what he had done"

The three executives, as part of a joint statement, said that they are "carefully reviewing" the report and its recommendations, adding their thoughts remain with the families affected by the tragic events.

All three no longer work at the hospital.

Michael Buchanan
Social affairs correspondent

The NHS was warned about the need to be aware of criminal behaviour by nurses as far back as 1994.

Following the conviction of nurse Beverley Allitt for the murder of three infants and a child at a hospital in Lincolnshire in 1991, a review was ordered.

The Clothier Report said the “mainlesson from our inquiry and our principal recommendation is that the Grantham disaster should serve to heighten awareness in all those caring for children of the possibility of malevolent intervention as a cause of unexplained clinical events".

The chief executive of the NHS at the time, who vowed to take on the recommendations of the report, was Sir Duncan Nichol; at the time of the Letby murders he was chairman of the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she was a nurse.

He spoke at the Thirlwall Inquiry where he said that senior consultants were not invited to a meeting where Letby's future at the hospital was discussed.

Image source, House of Commons

• Health Secretary Yvette Cooper says she has asked officials to "urgently" develop a plan to install cameras in cots on neonatal wards, adding this must be a "turning point" for the NHS
• Richard Scorer, a lawyer acting for three victims' families, says the challenge now is to ensure recommendations are implemented "without delay"
• Tamlin Bolton, a solicitor representing seven of the victims' families, says the lessons learned must be translated into "meaningful and lasting change"
• Lucy Letby's barrister Mark McDonald says Letby is "innocent" which he says "has inevitably affected the report as a whole"
• The NHS trust which runs the Countess of Chester Hospital says it recognises the "enduring impact" on the victims' families and understands "there is more to be done", adding its priority is to address the recommendations as "swiftly as possible"

• Cheshire Constabulary says it is carefully reviewing the report and will "fully consider" any relevant recommendations in light of its ongoing investigation

As a reminder, the force launched an investigation into corporate manslaughter and gross negligence manslaughter at the Countess of Chester Hospital after Letby's conviction in 2023, which remains ongoing.

Nick Triggle
Health correspondent

As part of its work, the Thirlwall inquiry has been looking at why the lessons of previous inquiries have not been learned.

As referred to in our last post, it says most recommendations from former inquires have not been implemented - and, when they have, it has taken too long or progress has not been tracked.

It blames a lack of political will and disruption caused by repeated structural reorganisations.

This, the inquiry suggests, had a potentially significant impact here. It cites the medical examiner system - whereby an independent doctor looks into deaths that are not reviewed by a coroner so that it is not all down to the treating doctor to sign off.

The move was recommended in 2003 by the inquiry into the Harold Shipman murders, and called for again, a decade later, as part of the inquiry into the failings at Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust. But it took until 2024 for it to be introduced.

Former Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt told the inquiry he believes it would have prevented a number of deaths at the Countess of Chester, if it had been in place sooner.

Judith Moritz
Reporting from Liverpool

One feature of Lady Justice Thirlwall’s work is that her inquiry has looked further than just the situation at the Countess of Chester Hospital.

Her team has analysed previous public inquiries into more than 30 past NHS scandals from the past 30 years - including the cases of Dr Harold Shipman and nurse Beverley Allitt.

They have discovered that the majority of recommendations made by all those inquiry reports have not been implemented.

There is a groundswell of opinion from the families of babies in the Letby case say that the Thirlwall report must be different. They want the recommendations which are made here to be enforced.

Here's a reminder of what we've learnt from Thirlwall's report.

Key findings:

• The deaths and near-deaths of some babies who were attacked by Lucy Letby could have been prevented if safeguarding practices had been followed
• There was a “profound failure of management, governance and safeguarding” at the Countess of Chester Hospital
• A "reprehensible" lack of consideration was shown to the parents of babies attacked by Letby

Key recommendations:

• In all neonatal units, cots and incubators should be fitted with CCTV
• Access to insulin should be restricted
• IT systems within the NHS should be harmonised

You can read more about Thirlwall's recommendations here. For our reporter's take on what the fallout from the inquiry might look like, click here.

Image source, Getty Images

Lucy Letby's barrister Mark McDonald tells the BBC the inquiry was launched "too soon" and "proceeded on the wrong premise" that Letby is guilty, meaning it is now "tainted".

This is because, he says, "Lucy Letby is innocent".

McDonald acknowledges families will find the debate around Letby's innocence "distressing", but says: "We are all after the truth and if the truth is that Lucy Letby is innocent then surely everybody needs to know that."

As a reminder, Letby is serving 15 whole-life prison terms for murdering seven babies and attempting to murder seven others, including one baby whom she tried to murder twice.

On two occasions, Letby has been denied permission to appeal against her convictions.

Michael Buchanan
Social affairs correspondent

Susan Gilby was appointed chief executive of the Countess of Chester trust in September 2018.

She was suspended in December 2022, and was awarded £1.4m in damages after suing the health service for unfair dismissal.

At the time, Gilby had accused the trust's chairman, Ian Haythornthwaite, of bullying and harassment.

Now, in her reaction to the report, she says she found the trust "utterly dysfunctional, very hierarchical and not an organisation that was prepared to look in on itself".

She acknowledges that her "greatest fear" when she started at the organisation was that some of the deaths could have been prevented.

“Patient safety is non-negotiable, it should be the first thing you are asking yourself when you are making a decision, whether it's an investment or an efficiency cut – what is the impact here on patient safety? Is there a possibility here that patients could come to harm?" she says.

"What I found when I arrived in 2018 was that that question wasn’t even asked," she continues, saying there was a "total lack of curiosity and concern" about patient safety.

Nick Triggle
Health correspondent

I posted earlier on how the wider NHS culture contributed to the failings at the Countess of Chester. There is much more in the report about this.

The revelations about how failing managers are treated, makes for particularly damning reading.

It says there is a consistent inability within the NHS to deal with poor performance. Failing managers will be moved, the inquiry heard, often with the active assistance of NHS England, in a process referred to as rehabilitation.

Countess of Chester chief executive Tony Chambers referred to it as "the donkey sanctuary".

The report even notes how some failing managers receive pay-offs and move on "with few questions asked" as individual NHS trusts worry about the threat of employment tribunals.

The inquiry says while there are many excellent managers in the NHS, profound change is needed in the way the NHS deals with those who fail.

Former senior managers at the Countess of Chester Hospital, who had spoken at the inquiry, issued a joint statement following the publication of its findings, saying they are "carefully reviewing" the report and its recommendations.

“Given that there are a number of investigations under way, and that the work of the Criminal Cases Review Commission has not yet completed, it would be inappropriate for us to offer any further comment at this time," say Sue Hodkinson, Alison Kelly, Ian Harvey and Tony Chambers.

“Our thoughts remain with the families affected by the tragic events that took place at the Countess of Chester Hospital.”

The four were, respectively, the hospital's HR director, nursing manager and safeguarding lead, medical director, and chief executive when Letby worked there.

The chairman of the British Medical Association (BMA) council says the events at Countess of Chester hospital from 2015-2016 were “some of the most appalling” in recent NHS history.

Dr Tom Dolphin says major reforms are needed to NHS culture and safeguarding.

“Whistleblowers in the NHS deserve strong protections, and the inquiry makes it clear that these doctors did not get them,” he says.

"We have represented many whistleblowers who have been silenced by management for raising safety concerns and who have suffered career-ending consequences."

Going forward, he says non-medical managers need to be held accountable and regulated, and welcomes the reports recommendation of a full statutory regulation system.

Image source, UK Parliament

Turning back briefly to the House of Commons, we've been listening to shadow health secretary Damian Hinds, who asked Yvette Cooper questions on the report after her statement.

He says the task now for the NHS, the state and parliamentarians is to ensure "reliable guards against such tragedy happening again".

He says he understands that the government cannot accept all recommendations in full at this stage, but asks when the government's full response will come.

Hinds raises how the report says there are still many NHS staff who don't feel able to raise concerns without risking their career. "What else can be done to establish independent escalation pathways?" he asks Cooper.

The shadow health secretary later asks what Cooper's initial assessment is on how to implement their plans to introduce cot cams.

Cooper says the government's full response will be published "within six months" and says she plans to review the details of current system investigating patient safety concerns.

We've just heard from the NHS trust which runs the Countess of Chester Hospital where Lucy Letby carried out her crimes. Here is the statement from its chief executive, Jane Tomkinson, in full:

“Today, as the Thirlwall report is published, our thoughts remain fully with all of the families and the babies who came to harm or who died because of Lucy Letby’s crimes at the Countess of Chester Hospital in 2015 and 2016. We recognise the enduring impact on them and the courage and dignity they have shown in ensuring their experiences are heard.

“We know that no apology or action can undo what happened at our hospital. We are however truly sorry for the events that occurred in 2015 and 2016. We acknowledge the findings of the Thirlwall Report and will approach its recommendations with openness and a firm commitment to build on the progress we have already made in improving our hospital’s governance, safety and culture since that time. We are a different organisation today with new leadership, stronger governance and safety processes, and a more open culture where speaking up is encouraged and acted upon. We firmly believe that the changes we have made, as set out in our evidence to the Inquiry, have created a safer environment for our patients and staff.

“We acknowledge however that there is more to be done. We will now carefully consider the entire content of the Thirlwall Report and its recommendations, working with NHS colleagues to embed the learning locally and across the wider NHS. Our priority is to ensure that we address the Thirlwall Report’s recommendations as swiftly as possible, whether through ensuring that actions we have already taken are sustained or by taking further action where needed.

“We recognise the contributions of the families and everyone who gave evidence, including many of our staff. We have cooperated openly and fully with the Thirlwall Inquiry, and we are grateful to Lady Justice Thirlwall and her team for the diligence and care with which they have conducted the Inquiry.

“We are proud of our staff and their commitment to providing high-quality patient care. They are the heart of our organisation, and their professionalism, compassion and resilience are central to the care we provide to patients every day.

“What took place at the Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust in 2015 and 2016 and the impact it had on so many people will not be forgotten. We will always remember.”

The health secretary continues to respond to the recommendations of the report, and says the Department of Health will set up a new hub to track progress of the implementation of recommendations from inquiries, "not just for this inquiry, but for others, right across the NHS".

She says she is going to discuss with the maternity task force plans to introduce a new Maternity and Neonatal Commissioner to address serious concerns around standards.

She will meet Lady Justice Thirlwall to discuss how to take the conclusions of the report forward.

"The safety and safeguarding and wellbeing of babies must never again be treated as a side issue," she says finishing her statement, adding: "This must be a turning point for the NHS."

Cooper says she is taking the recommendations seriously, and the government will consider the full report and set out a full response.

She says she has asked officials to "urgently develop plans for cot cams".

On safeguarding, a revised framework published in 2026 will be "urgently reviewed" in light of the report, the health secretary says. "I will not hesitate to hold the NHS to account for the highest standards at every level," she adds.

Cooper also agrees with the finding that the guidance on sudden unexpected death in infancy should be updated. "That is now under way," she says.

She also says she agrees with the recommendation to go further on stronger controls on insulin storage.

• The inquiry recommended the implementation of CCTV in all cots and incubators in all neonatal units

Image source, UK Parliament

Yvette Copper references the report's findings of "failure at all levels to invoke safeguarding procedures at any point".

She highlights the "appalling" finding of an "exercise in spin" to steer away from referral to the police, instead of putting the safety of babies first.

The hospital trust repeatedly failed the parents, in failing to keep their beloved babies safe, she says.

"The suffering endured by these babies and their families is impossible to comprehend."

"On behalf of the government, and the health service, I am profoundly sorry for the failures set out so clearly in this report. For the harm, distress and unthinkable loss for their families, and for the failures to keep their babies safe."