Igandagurwa rya Perezida John Kennedy: Kimwe mu bisigabwenge bikomeye vya Amerika

Mu gihe amakuru mashasha aherutse gusohoka ashira mu madidane ivy’uko uwagandaguye Perezida Kennedy yari “umurashi yabikoze ku gatwe kiwe”, Clare Thorp arihweza ingene igandagurwa ryiwe ribandanya riri mu mitwe y’abanyagihugu .

Kuri uno wa 22 Munyonyo/Ugushyingo (11), imyaka 60 irarumanye neza kuva Perezida John F Kennedy wa Reta Zunze Ubumwe agandaguwe. Mu bisanzwe, isabukuru ikomeye kaba ari akaryo ko kwibuka ivyagiye biba muri kahise - ariko ku bijanye n’urupfu rwa JF Kennedy, iyi tariki ivyura inyota itigera ihera yo kumenya ivyabaye ku rupfu rw'uno muperezida.

Ku wa 22 Munyonyo, 1963, Perezida John F. Kennedy yaragandaguwe mu gihe yariko arazunguruka mu mabarabara y’igisagara ca Dallas mu ntara ya Texas, ari mu modoka idapfunganye hejuru (décapotable/convertible) mu gihe yariko ariyamamariza ikiringo kigira kabiri.

John Kennedy, umugore wiwe Jacqueline, na buramatari w’intara ya Texas John Connally, bari mu modoka imwe, batwengatwenga, baramutsa abanyagihugu bari bakoranye kugira bihweze umukuru w’igihugu cabo.

Perezida Kennedy yarashwe inyuma gato y’isaha zitandatu n’igice (12:30) z’umurango, aca agwa kuri Jackie (umugore wiwe) bari bicaranye. Vyatangajwe ko yapfuye haciye iminota 30 mu bitaro Parkland Memorial Hospital. Buramatari yari yicaye iruhande yiwe igihe bamurasa, yarakomeretse mu mugongo.

Uwafashwe yagirizwa ko ari we yishe JFK, Lee Harvey Oswald, yishwe na Jack Ruby bibonwa ikibiriraho ku mboneshakure mu gihe yariko yimurirwa mw’ibohero ry’akarere.

Ubwo nyene amasasu ahejeje kuvuga ku musi wari wiriwe ari uw’izuba ryo ku gatasi, abantu baciye batangura kwibaza vyinshi ku bijanye n’urupfu rwa Kennedy kandi ntivyagarukiye ico gihe, n’ubu ni uko.

Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’ibitabo, amareresi, ibiganiro bicishwa ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi no ku mboneshakure, hamwe n’amasinema (cinema) ya Hollywood vyarasohowe kuri ubu bwicanyi, n’icuka bwateye kw’isi yose. Hanyuma, uko haboneka amakuru mashasha niko amadidane yiyongera bashaka kumenya neza na neza ivyabaye. Nta kintu na kimwe kirigera giteza amajambo menshi nk’iki.

Ubu, hadutse ibindi bishasha. Mu ntango z’ukwezi kw’icenda, isura ikomeye yashize ahabona inkuru nshasha atuma havyuka ayandi majambo yiyongera ku bisanzwe bivugwa “n’ubutegetsi” ku bwicanyi bwa JFK.

Mu nkuru kandi iza mu gitabo giherutse gusohoka ku vyo yibuka, uwahoze ari umukozi w’igendereza Paul Landis – yarungitswe kwa Jackie Kennedy kuri uwo musi – avuga ko yatoye urusasu muri limousine y’umuryango wa Kennedy inyuma y’aho JFK arasiwe hanyuma akarusiga ku nderuzo y’uno yahoze ari umukuru w’igihugu mu bitaro.

Kumbure ni akantu gato, ariko ni akantu gatandukanye n’ibisanzwe bivugwa n’ubutegetsi ku vyabaye – bukaba busanzwe buvuga ko uru rusasu rwatowe ku nderuzo ya Buramatari John B Connally Jr, yarashwe ari kumwe n’umukuru w’igihugu mu modoka – ibi bikabandanya bishimangira ivyo abantu bibaza, ko uwamurashe Lee Harvey Oswald atabikoze ari wenyene.

Abatari bake barafise inyota yo kumenya ivy’urupfu rwa JFK ku mvo nyinshi zitandukanye. “Iyo wiyumviriye Kennedy, ni icamamare ku bantu benshi”, bivugwa na Peter Ling, yahoze arongoye igisata cigisha ivyigwa kuri Amerika (American Studies) kw’ishure kaminuza rya Nottingham, akaba kandi n’umwanditsi w’igitabo kivuga ubuzima bwa John F Kennedy.

Avuga ati: "Yari azwi cane ku mboneshakure, kandi akaba yari umuntu akiri muto, yari afise umugore mwiza n’abana beza".

Mu gitabo ariko arandika, Ling ariko arasoma igice gito c’ubutumwa bwo guhoza Jackie Kennedy bwababa imiriyoni zibiri ku rupfu rw’umugabo wiwe. Aya makete asanzwe abitswe mu bubiko bw’ibitabo John F Kennedy Library i Boston ava kw’isi yose, icerekana ingene urupfu rwa JFK ico gihe rwateje nyamugigima mu mitima y’abantu.

Ikindi kivugwa ni ingene ibi bintu biteye ubwoba vyashoboye gufatwa amashusho ya videwo. Ino videwo, Zapruder – amasegonda 26 y’amashusho y’agacerere ya 8mm – yafashwe na kamera (camera) yo mu rugo y’umushonyi w’impuzu z’abagore wo muri Dallas, Abraham Zapruder, yari ahagaze ku kibambazi yihweza urugendo.

Ishusho ya Jackie Kennedy yambaye impuzu y’ibara ry’irosa, ariko yarara ku modoka yari ibareruye atera aja amaja inyuma iracari mu mitwe y’abantu bose bayibonye.

Zapruder yiswe umwenegihugu wa mbere w’umumenyeshamakuru, mbere hari ababona ko ano mashusho ari yo ya mbere kw’isi mu mafirime y’ubugizi bwa nabi.

Amayobera adahera

Ariko cane cane, igituma igandagurwa rya JFK ribandanya ritera inyota yo kumenya ivyabaye ni amayobera abandanya kuri ryo. Inyuma y’umwaka umwe JFK agandaguwe, icegeranyo c’umurwi wiswe Warren ( Warren Commission) – washinzwe na Perezida Lyndon B Johnson – wasohoye ivyo watoye, hakaba harimwo ko Oswald yakoze ivyo yakoze ku gatwe kiwe mu kwica Kennedy, mu kurasa amasasu atatu acishije mw’idirisha ry’inzu yo kw’igorofa ya gatandatu y’ishure Texas School Book Depositary. Urusasu rwa kabiri n’urwa gatatu zagemye umukuru w’igihugu ubw’inyuma, uru rwa gatatu rukaba ari rwo rwamwishe.

Iki cegeranyo catesheje agaciro iciyumviro ico ari co cose kivuga ko ivyabaye vyoba vyari mu “mugambi mubi, waba uwo hagati mu gihugu canke hanze, wo kugandagura umukuru w’igihugu Kennedy” kikarangiza kivuga ko Jack Ruby yarashe Oswald haciye imisi ibiri nk’igikorwa co gukunda igihugu.

Ntivyafashe igihe kinini imbere y’uko haduka amakenga n’ibibazo ku biri muri iki cegeranyo – vyabandanije vyiyongera mu myaka yakurikiye. Ling ati: "Imwe mu ngorane kw’igandagurwa rya Kennedy ni uko tutigeze turonka akaryo ko kwumviriza uruhande rwa Oswald. Hari umuntu yagirijwe ko yakoze icaha, ariko ntiyigeze aburanywa”.

Mu gihugu cigabuyemwo cane, Abanyamerika baremeranya cane ku kintu kimwe …hari vyinshi binyegejwe kw’igandagurwa rya JFK bisumba ivyo bazi. Icigwa cakozwe mu 2017 casanze 61% bemera ko hariho n’abandi bagize uruhara muri iri gandagurwa.

Aya makenga – no kubona abanyagihugu baguma bipfuza kumenya ingene vyagenze – yabereye akaryo keza abanditsi, abarongoye ibinyamakuru n’abanyatugenegene.

Ibitabo vyababa 40.000 bivuga kuri Kennedy vyarasohotse. Muri ibi harimwo ibitanga amakuru atandukanye - harimwo ivy’uko Abarusiya, Castro, impunzi z’Abanya-Cuba, CIA, FBI, n’imirwi y’inkozi z’ikibi boba babigizemwo uruhara. Mu gitabo Oswald's Tale co mu 1995, Norman Mailer yarinjiye cane mu buzima bw’uwarashe.

Ariko abanditsi b’ibitabo ncamugani (fiction) nabo nyene baronse akaryo ko kwandika ku vyabaye muri Munyonyo 1963. Igitabo 11/22/63 ca Stephen King kivuga inkuru y’umuntu yariko aritemberera yagerageje kuzibira igandagurwa rya JFK.

American Tabloid ca James Ellroy ni inkuru ncamugani ivuga urupfu rwa JFK ufatiye ku kungene abapolisi batatu b’imihimbiri babibona. Libra ca Don DeLillo mu 1998 gishira Oswald mu nteguro mbi za CIA. DeLillo yamaze imyaka itatu yandika iki gitabo akaba yabwiye ikinyamakuru New York Times ati:

''Nta kintu kinini nzi kugusumvya ku vyabaye urya musi i Dealey Plaza. Nahisemwo nkana ikintu gishobora kuba kigaragara cane mu bishoboka – ko iri gandagurwa ryateguwe n’abantu barwanya Castro – nk’uburyo gusa bwo Kwizera ivyo tuzi kuri kahise. Bizohava bishika tukamenya ukuri? Sinzi. Ariko mu gihe nk’umusi umwe hoboneka ivyemezo vy’integuro mbi, ndibaza ko bizoba bishimishije kandi biryoshe gusumba iki gitabo”.

Mu mafirime, iri gandagurwa ryiyerekana mu buryo butandukanye – uhereye kuri Full Metal Jacket ya Stanley Kubrick ivugamwo bike cane ugashika ku mafirime yuzuye atanga umuco. Muri In the Line of Fire yo mu 1993, Clint Eastwood akina yigize nk’umukozi wo mu nzego z’igendereza kw’izina rya Frank Horrigan, umugabo yari acungereye ubuzima bwa Kennedy muri Dallas kuri uwo musi ibara rigwa.

Yuzuye umwikomo wo kwumva ko yananiwe n’ukurokora ubuzima bwiwe, Horrigan arazwa ishinga no kuzibira ubundi bwicanyi. Muri Jackie yo mu 2016, Natalie Portman akina nk’umutambukanyi w’umukuru w’igihugu ubwo nyene umugabo wiwe acicwa.

Ariko gushika ubu, firime ikomeye kuri iri gandagurwa ni JFK ya Oliver Stone itabonwa kumwe. Iyi firime yo mu 1991 yagenywe incuro umunani mu bushimwe bwa Oscar, harimwo amasanamu meza, ariko bamwe mu bayinegura bavuga ko ari “akaga” kubera kuvanga amashusho y’ukuri n’ay’ibikino.

Muri iyi firime ya Stone ku vyabaye, CIA yashaka ko Kennedy apfa kubera yariko arategura kurangiza intambara yo muri Vietnam. Ibiri muri iyi firime ni vyo vyamamaye cane mu myaka itari mike – kandi n’aho CIA na FBI zagumanye amadidane ntizishake gutanga inkuru ntaco vyafashije.

“Hari ukuntu ivyo bintu biguma bizunguruka mu mitwe y’abantu aho tugerageza guhindukiza ivyo twibuka kugira dutahure ingene ibintu vyagenze”, niko Ling avuga.

“N’uko rero igandagurwa rya Kennedy rica ribonwa nk’igihe umwizero wo mu myaka ya 60 utanguye kuyoyoka. Aho Oliver Stone aziye hanyuma akavuga muri make ko [Kennedy] yishwe na CIA kugira intambara yo muri Vietnam ibandanye, ivyo ni vyo Abanyamerika benshi basa n’abashaka kwumva – ko ivyo vyose bari babitwawe n’inyatsi”.

Mu 1992 – ku ruhande rumwe bivuye kuri ino firime ya Stone – Congress [ni ukuvuga inama nshingamateka na nkenguzamateka] yemeje itegeko ryo kwegeranya amakuru yose yo ku rupfu rwa John F Kennedy (John F Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act).

Ibi vyatumye hashirwa ahabona amamiriyoni y’inzandiko zari iz’ibanga ku bijanye n’iri gandagurwa. Zasohowe mu mice – Biden yatanze uruhusha rwo gusohora umuce wa nyuma muri uno mwaka – kandi inkuru iyo ari yo yose isohotse ituma inyota yo kumenya ivyabaye yiyongera cane.

Amakuru mashasha ababaje ya Paul Landis ari mu gitabo ciwe categerezwa gusohoka ku wa 10 Gitugutu (10) uno mwaka The Final Witness (twogereranya mu Kirundi na 'Icabona ca nyuma'), vyanka bikunze azohungabanya ibintu gusumba.

"Ni ikintu gikomeye uravye ivyo aya makuru aje gusambura”, niko Ling abivuga. Kubera uru rusasu rwatowe ku nderuzo ya Connally, vyatumye umurwi Warren mu ntango wanzura ko urusoro rumwe rwaciye muri Kennedy rugema Connally, rutuma agira ibikomere vyinshi. Rwahavuye rutazirwa "magic bullet" (twogereranya na 'urusasu rw’ibisigabwenge') – ariko abatari bake bafise amakenga ku kungene urusasu rumwe rushobora gukora nk’uku.

Ling ati: "Nimba bitagenze gutyo, duca tugumana ibibazo bitagira inyishu vyo kumenya uru rusasu rwagemye Connally urwo ari rwo”.

“Dutanguye kuronka amasasu menshi kurusha ayo dushobora guhuza n’umuvuduko wo kurasa nk’uko Harvey Oswald abivuga, duca dusanga tugeze aho twibaza ko hari uwundi muntu yariko ararasa”.

Hagati aho, Ling afise amakenga kuri aya makuru mashasha. Hari ibibazo ku catumye Landis arindira iki gihe cose kugira ayashire ahabona (avuga ko yirinze ikintu ico ari co cose cerekeye iri gandagurwa mu kiringo c’imyaka myinshi), kandi nta nkeka ko yatumye iki gitabo ciwe kironderwa cane.

Mu nkuru yanditswe mu kinyamakuru Vanity Fair, umuhinga mu vya kahise James Robenalt avuga ko yemera ivyandikwa na Landis. Avuga ko ivyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi ari yo “makuru ya mbere akomeye kuri iri gandagurwa kuva mu 1963”.

Haracari kare kumenya aho iyi nkuru nshasha izodushikana, ariko ikizwi ni kimwe: ntikizobuza abantu kuzana ayandi majambo ku vyabaye kuri urya musi. Ling ati: "Ni inkuru y’amayobera buri muntu wese azi. Ariko nta n’umwe afise irya nyuma”.