Umujyi wa US urimo guha abirabura (bamwe) impozamarira

Inkuru ya Mike Wendling

BBC News, Evanston

Evanston, umujyi wo muri leta ya Illinois, ni ahantu harimo kubera ibintu bidasanzwe. 

Muri uyu mujyi uri mu majyaruguru ya Chicago, akayaga karahutera ku madirishya y’inzu z’amatafari ziri ku murongo, mu gihe amabendera y’umukororombya n’ibyapa byanditseho “Black Lives Matter” bigaragara buri hamwe. 

Utuwe n’abantu 78,000 – hafi 2/3 byabo ni abazungu, hafi 1/5 ni abirabura, n’undi mubare w’imiryango y’abanyaziya n’abahispaniya – politiki yaho ifunguye ku bindi bitekerezo. 

Mu matora ya 2020, Donald Trump hano yabonye amajwi atagera kuri 1/10. 

Ariko kimwe n’ahandi muri Amerika, Evanston ihanganye n’ibibazo by’umurage w’ubusumbane bushingiye ku irondaruhu bikomoka ku ivangura n’ubucakara.

Mu gihe ahantu, nka California, barimo baganira ku buryo bwo gutanga indishyi ku bucakara, Evanston ho barimo kwibanda ku bikorwa bifitanye isano n'ibyo ariko by’akarengane ko mu gihe cya vuba aha gishize: kuvangura abirabura iyo bigeze ku kugura inzu. 

Uyu mujyi watangiye kwishyurira abawutuye b’abirabura bahura n’ingorane mu kugura inzu bifuza kubera ingamba zo hagati mu kinyejana cya 20 – ni wo mujyi wa mbere muri Amerika ukoze ibi.

Abakorerwa ibi barabyishimiye – ariko buri wese ntiyemera niba koko ubu ari ubutabera.

Izo mpozamarira ni bwoko ki?

Igitekerezo ko Amerika hari icyo igomba abirabura bayituye – bamwe muri bo bari abacakara, kandi bamwe bakomeje kuzahazwa n’ingaruka z’ivanguramoko – kimaze imyaka amagana. 

Mu kinyejana cya 18, umucakara wavuye muri Ghana witwa Belinda Royall yahawe amafaranga yo kumutunga mu zabukuru (pension) n’urukiko rw’i Massachusetts. Abanyamateka bamwe babifata nk’urugero rw’impozamarira mu mateka ya Amerika.

Itegeko ry’igisirikare ryo mu gihe cy’intambara y’imbere muri Amerika ryafatiriye ubutaka bunini bw’abazungu muri South Carolina na Georgia ngo buhabwe abacakara babohowe.

Igipimo cy’ibibanza byakaswemo cyaganishije ku ntero izwi nka "40 acres and a mule" – intero y’impozamarira zari zizejwe abacakara – ariko amaherezo nta cyo bahawe. 

Kuva ku ntambara y’imbere muri Amerika (1861 –1865), nta mpozamarira kuri benshi yigeze igeragezwa, kugeza vuba aha igitekerezo cyo kuriha abakomoka ku bacakara cyakomeje kuba ingingo ya politiki itarakozweho. 

Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, abakuriye abirabura bari mu nteko ya Amerika buri mwaka bagiye bategura umushinga wo gushyiraho komite yo kwiga ku mpozamarira, ariko nta na rimwe yigeze isatira no kuba yaba itegeko. 

Robin Rue Simmons, impirimbanyi y’izo mpozamarira akaba n’uwahoze mu nama y’ubutegetsi ya Evanston wanagize uruhare ngo amategeko y’uwo mujyi ahindurwe, agira ati: “Ni umuzigo uremereye.”

Madamu Simmons abona umushinga wa Evanston ari intambwe ntoya y’agace kamwe, ariko ishobora gutera impinduka nini.

Ati: “Twerekanye ko impozamarira zishoboka kandi zagerwaho.”

Si ubucakara ni ugutuza abantu

Kubwa Simmons, ibikorwa i Evanston byateguwe n’inama nyinshi n’inama ngishwanama mu cyumba rusange cy’uyu mujyi zitabirwaga n’abawutuye. 

Ariko ntabwo icyo gikorwa cyakwitirirwa icyo kitari cyo – ntabwo bishyurwa amafaranga kandi ntabwo gifitanye isano itaziguye n’ubucakara.

Ahubwo, uwo mushinga wibanda ku cyiciro runaka cy’abirabura. Kugira ngo uwujyemo, umuntu mukuru agomba kuba yarabaye muri Evanston mbere ya 1969, ubwo ivangura mu miturire ryari rigeze ku gasongero. Iryo vangura ryabujije abirabura benshi kubaka ikiragano (igisekuru) cy’abantu bifashije.

Impozamarira za Evanston ziri mu kimeze nk’inkunga ya $25,000 (arenga 25,000,000Frw) ashobora gukoreshwa gusa mu gusana inzu, kwishyura amasezerano y’ubugure bw’inzu(mortgage), cyangwa kwishyura inzu mu byiciro. 

Ibyo bisobanuye ko abatuye uwo mujyi bashobora guhabwa iyi nkunga ari bacye – abarenga 120 ni bo gusa basabye ku cyiciro cya mbere. 

Barakuze – bari mu myaka nibura 70. Bamwe mu basabye bamaze no gupfa. Kandi igikorwa ubwacyo cyo kubaha inkunga cyafashe igihe. Itegeko ryemejwe mu 2019 ariko vuba aha ni bwo aba mbere 16 batoranyijwe bigezo bahawe iyo nkunga. 

Ibishingirwaho byatumye abatuye hano nka Louis Weathers w’imyaka 87 bashidikanya ko bazagerwaho.

Ati: “ Kimwe n’abandi bose, nari ntegereje ‘40 acres and a mule’ yanjye, ariko mbizi ko ntayo nzabona.” 

Ariko byarangiye Louis aje muri babandi 16 ba mbere. Yakuriye i Evanston nyuma y’uko se ahimukiye mu myaka ya 1930 avuye muri Alabama.

Gushaka iwe 

Nyuma y’imirimo ya gisirikare muri Korea, Louis Weathers yagarutse i Evanston abona akazi mu Iposita. We n’umugore we bari bizeye gushinga umuryango, nuko agura inzu ku nguzanyo mu gace ka Evanston gatuwe cyane n’abirabura – hamwe muri hacye muri uyu mujyi yashoboraga kwigondera. 

Aho nta cyo hari hamutwaye, ariko amasezerano y’inguzanyo yaje gutera ubwoba Louis. Aho guhabwa ‘mortgage’, yahawe amasezerano y’inguzanyo – ubwoko bw’inguzanyo icyo gihe bahaga abirabura bakomoka muri Africa. 

Bitandukanye na ‘mortgage’, uguze inzu muri ubu buryo ntiba ari iye byemewe n’amategeko kugeza arangije kwishyura ya nguzanyo yose, kandi ntashobora kwihutisha cyangwa guhindura uburyo yishyuramo. Kubura ubwishyu inshuro imwe gusa inzu y’uwafashe iyo nguzanyo bishobora gushyira mu byago byo kugurishwa kandi uwayifashe agahomba ibyo yashoyemo byose. 

Louis ubu atuye mu nzu ya ‘apartment’, kandi arateganya gushyira iyo mpozamarira azabona mu kwishyura ‘mortgage’ y’umuhungu we – kimwe mu byemewe gukoresha ayo mafaranga. 

Nyuma y’uko mbere yakemangaga niba iyi gahunda izamugeraho n’akamaro kayo, ubu ari mu bayishyigikiye. 

Ati: “Ifite akamaro, iyo bampa cash gusa byari ukuba ari ukujugunya amafaranga. Abantu ntabwo bayakoresha neza.”

Impozamarira kuri bose?

Si buri wese ubyemera. Cicely Fleming, undi mwirabura uri mu nama y’ubutegetsi ya Evanston, ni we muntu wenyine warwanyaga uyu mushinga, awita “gahunda y’imiturire yambitswe isura y’impozamarira.” 

Madamu Cicely ati: “Iyi ntabwo ari impinduka yaba umusemburo ku gihugu, ni urumuri ruto cyane.” 

Cicely n’izindi mpirimbanyi babona ko uyu mugambi udasobanutse neza, kandi kuba ushingiye ku bafite inzu zabo bishyira ku ruhande abakennye kurushaho – abadashobora kugura inzu zabo.

Ni umugambi wa ba nyamucye, na bamwe mu bo ureba ni ko babyemera.

Ramona Burton, w’imyaka 73, yishimiye uruzitiro rwe rushya, amadirishya, amatara n’ibindi byavuguruwe ku nzu ye. Avuga ko ashima cyane, kandi atari gushobora gusana inzu ye iyo ataba umwe mu batoranyijwe bwa mbere. 

Ariko ati: “Abantu bamwe nta nzu bagira. Wenda bafite inguzanyo y’abanyeshuri cyangwa imodoka. Sinashimye ko hari abo biheza.”

Urugendo ruracyari rurerure

Kuri Simmons we iyi gahunda “ni ubucamanza” ku birabura ariko si impozamarira.

Ati: “Ntabwo mu by’ukuri dutekereza ngo ‘Ese yaba gahunda y’igihugu cyangwa y’agace?’, ‘Ese zaba inzu cyangwa uburezi cyangwa cash?’ Mu by’ukuri impozamarira zakabaye ibyo byose.” 

Abona ko imishinga nk’uyu wa Evanston idashoboka ahantu henshi.

Ati: “Dufite amateka y’imigirire myiza. Dufite inama y’ubutegetsi y’umujyi ikomeye kandi y’urunyurane rw’abantu, hamwe na sosiyete y’abirabura iri ku murongo kandi ikora. Ahandi ntabyo bafite. 

“Turimo turakora ibikomeye, ariko tuzi ko dufite urugendo rurerure.”