Ibyo tuzi ku iturika ry'ibikoresho by'itumanaho bya Hezbollah

Abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi bakomerekeye muri Libani, nyuma yuko ku wa kabiri ibikoresho by'itumanaho umutwe waho witwaje intwaro wa Hezbollah ukoresha bituritse mu buryo butunguranye kandi butangaje, bikabera hafi icyarimwe mu gihugu hose.

Abantu nibura icyenda bishwe naho abandi bagera ku 2,800 barakomereka, benshi bakomereka mu buryo bukomeye.

Ntibirasobanuka ukuntu icyo gitero – kigaragara ko cyakoranywe ubuhanga buhanitse cyane – cyabaye, nubwo Hezbollah yacyegetse ku mwanzi wayo Israel. Kugeza ubu abategetsi bo muri Israel banze kugira icyo babitangazaho.

Dore ibyo tuzi kugeza ubu.

Igitero cyabaye ryari kandi kibera hehe?

Ibiturika byatangiriye mu murwa mukuru Beirut wa Libani no mu tundi turere twinshi tw'igihugu, ahagana saa cyenda n'iminota 45 z'amanywa (15:45) ku isaha yaho ku wa kabiri, ni ukuvuga ahagana saa munani n'iminota 45 z'amanywa ku isaha yo mu Rwanda no mu Burundi.

Ababibonye batangaje ko babonye umwotsi uva mu mifuka y'imyenda y'abantu, nyuma babona ibiturika bito byumvikanaga nkaho ari ibishashi nka bimwe bituritswa ku minsi mikuru (bizwi nka 'fireworks' cyangwa 'feux d'artifice') ndetse byumvikanaga nk'amasasu.

Amashusho amwe yafashwe na 'cameras' z'umutekano (CCTV) agaragara nk'ayerekana igiturika mu mufuka w'ipantalo y'umugabo, ubwo yari ahagaze aho abaguzi bishyurira mu iduka.

Gisubiramo amagambo y'abategetsi bo muri Amerika, ikinyamakuru the New York Times cyatangaje ko ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byakiriye ubutumwa bugaragara ko buvuye ku buyobozi bwa Hezbollah, mbere yuko biturika. Ahubwo ubwo butumwa bwagaragaye ko bwari ubwo guturitsa ibyo bikoresho, nkuko icyo kinyamakuru cyabitangaje.

Ibiturika byakomeje mu gihe kigera ku isaha imwe nyuma y'ibiturika bya mbere, nkuko byatangajwe n'ibiro ntaramakuru Reuters.

Nyuma yaho gato, abantu benshi batangiye kugera ku bitaro mu bice bitandukanye byo muri Libani. Ababibonye bavuze ko byagaragaye ko abantu benshi bagize urujijo.

Ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byaturitse gute?

Abasesenguzi bamwe bihutiye kuvuga ko batunguwe n'ingano y'icyo gitero cyo ku wa kabiri – bavuga ko Hezbollah isanzwe iterwa ishema n'ingamba zayo z'umutekano.

Bamwe bumvikanishije ko kwinjirirwa mu ikoranabuhanga cyangwa mudasobwa (ibizwi nka 'hacking') bishobora kuba byatumye za batiri z'ibyo bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga zishyuha cyane, bituma ibyo bikoresho biturika. Igikorwa nk'icyo cyaba ari ubwa mbere kibayeho.

Ariko inzobere nyinshi zivuga ko ibyo bidashoboka kuko amashusho y'ibiturika yagaragaye adahuye no kuba byatewe no gushyuha cyane kwa za batiri.

Ahubwo abasesenguzi bamwe bavuga ko bishoboka cyane ko habayeho igitero cyo kwinjira mu ikorwa n'itangwa ry'ibyo bikoresho, kikabamo ko ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byononwa mu ikorwa ryabyo cyangwa igihe byari biri mu nzira.

Ibitero byo mu ikorwa n'itangwa ry'ibikoresho birimo kurushaho guhangayikisha muri iki gihe mu rwego rw'umutekano wo mu ikoranabuhanga. Ibikorwa byinshi byo ku rwego rwo hejuru byatumye aba 'hackers' bashobora kwinjira mu bikoresho bikirimo gukorwa.

Ariko ibyo bitero ubusanzwe bigarukira ku buryo bw'imikorere ('software'/'logiciel') bw'ibikoresho byatewe. Ibitero byibasira igice cy'inyuma cyangwa cy'imiterere ('hardware') cy'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ntibikunze kubaho kuko bisaba ko ababigabye bageza ibiganza byabo ku bikoresho bateye.

Niba koko iki cyari igitero cyibasiye ikorwa n'itangwa ry'ibyo bikoresho, cyaba cyarasabye ko habaho igikorwa ('opération') kinini cyane cyo konona mu ibanga mu buryo runaka ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho.

Abategetsi bo mu nzego z'umutekano bo muri Libani bavuga ko ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byapakiwemo ibiturika bicye amezi menshi mbere yuko byinjira mu gihugu.

Uwahoze ari inzobere ku ntwaro mu ngabo z'Ubwongereza, wasabye kudatangazwa izina, yabwiye BBC ko ibyo bikoresho bishobora kuba byaraturikijwe hakoreshejwe 'signal' iri kure.

Ni iki kizwi ku bapfuye n'abakomeretse?

Umuntu uri hafi ya Hezbollah yabwiye ibiro ntaramakuru AFP ko babiri mu bishwe ari abahungu b'abadepite babiri ba Hezbollah. Uwo muntu yanavuze ko umukobwa w'umwe mu bari muri Hezbollah yishwe.

Mu bakomeretse harimo ambasaderi wa Irani muri Libani, Mojtaba Amani. Amakuru yo mu bitangazamakuru byo muri Irani yavuze ko ibikomere bye byoroheje.

Reuters, mu gusubiramo amagambo y'umuntu wayihaye amakuru, yatangaje ko umukuru wa Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, atakomeretse muri ibyo byaturitse.

Minisitiri w'ubuzima wa Libani Firass Abiad yavuze ko kwangirika ku biganza no mu maso ari byo byiganje mu bikomere.

Avugana n'ikiganiro Newshour cya BBC, yagize ati: "Byinshi mu bikomere bigaragara ko ari ibyo mu maso ndetse cyane cyane ku maso [nyirizina] hamwe n'ikiganza cyabayeho gucika runaka, haba mu biganza cyangwa intoki, ndetse bimwe muri byo bifite ibikomere ku ruhande."

Yongeyeho ati: "Benshi cyane mu bantu barimo kuza mu byumba bivurirwamo indembe bambaye imyenda ya gisivile, rero biragoye cyane gutandukanya niba ari abo mu kigo [itsinda] runaka nka Hezbollah cyangwa abandi...

"Ariko turimo kubona muri bo abantu bashaje cyangwa abantu b'urubyiruko cyane, nk'umwana, birababaje, wapfuye... ndetse hari bamwe muri bo b'abakozi bo mu buvuzi," nkuko Minisitiri Abiad yabivuze.

Hanze ya Libani, abantu 14 bakomeretse mu biturika nk'ibyo mu gihugu cya Syria gituranye na Libani, nkuko bivugwa n'umuryango w'impirimbanyi ukorera mu Bwongereza ukurikirana ihonyorwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Syria, witwa Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

Ni nde wagabye iki gitero?

Kugeza ubu, nta muntu n'umwe urigamba icyo gitero – nubwo minisitiri w'intebe wa Libani hamwe na Hezbollah bacyegetse kuri Israel.

Minisitiri w'intebe wa Libani Najib Mikati yavuze ko ibyo biturika ari "ihonyora rikomeye ry'ubusugire bwa Libani n'icyaha ku bipimo byose [wafatiraho]".

Mu itangazo ryayo rishinja Israel kugaba ibyo bitero, Hezbollah yavuze ko icyo gihugu ari cyo yegekaho byuzuye "ubu bushotoranyi bw'ubugizi bwa nabi bwanibasiye abasivile".

Yongeyeho iti: "Uyu mwanzi w'umuhemu kandi w'umugizi wa nabi rwose azabona igihano cye gikwiriye kubera ubu bushotoranyi bugize icyaha, yaba abyiteze cyangwa atabyiteze."

Abategetsi batatangajwe amazina bo muri Amerika no muri Israel babwiye urubuga rw'amakuru Axios ko ibyo biturika mbere byari biteganyijwe nk'igikorwa cyo gutangira igitero "kinini cyane" kuri Hezbollah. Ariko mu minsi ya vuba aha ishize, Israel yahangayikishijwe no kuba Hezbollah yaramenye iyo gahunda – rero bituma habaho kubituritsa hakiri kare.

Abategetsi bo muri Israel nta cyo baratangaza kuri ibyo birego, ariko benshi mu basesenguzi bemera ko bisa nkaho bishoboka ko ari Israel iri inyuma y'icyo gitero.

Profeseri Simon Mabon, wo mu ishami ryigisha imibanire y'ibihugu kuri Kaminuza ya Lancaster mu Bwongereza, yabwiye BBC ati:

"Turabizi ko Israel mbere yigeze gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu gukurikirana [kugenza] abo igambiriye" – ariko yavuze ko ingano y'iki gitero "ntiyigeze ibaho mbere".

Lina Khatib, wo mu kigo cy'ubushakashatsi Chatham House cyo mu Bwongereza, yavuze ko icyo gitero cyumvikanisha ko Israel yinjiriye "byimbitse" "umuyoboro w'itumanaho" wa Hezbollah.

Kuki Hezbollah ikoresha ubu bwoko bw'itumanaho?

Hezbollah ikoresha cyane ibi bikoresho by'itumanaho bizwi nka 'pagers' nk'uburyo bw'itumanaho burimo ikoranabuhanga ricye, mu rwego rwo kugerageza kwirinda ko Israel ikurikirana ikamenya aho abo muri Hezbollah baherereye.

Icyo gikoresho cy'itumanaho nziramugozi ('wireless telecommunications') cyakira ndetse kikagaragaza ubutumwa bw'inyuguti n'imibare cyangwa ubutumwa bw'amajwi.

Telefone zigendanwa zimaze igihe kirekire zararetswe gukoreshwa (n'uwo mutwe) kuko zifite intege nke cyane, nkuko byagaragaye ubwo mu mwaka wa 1996 Israel yicaga Yahya Ayyash wo muri Hamas wakoraga ibisasu. Icyo gihe telefone igendanwa ye yaturikiye mu kiganza cye.

Ariko maneko umwe wo muri Hezbollah yabwiye ibiro ntaramakuru AP ko ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byari ubwoko bushya uwo mutwe utari warigeze ukoresha mbere. Umutegetsi wo mu nzego z'umutekano za Libani yabwiye Reuters ko ibikoresho by'itumanaho bigera ku 5,000 byinjijwe mu gihugu mu mezi hafi atanu ashize.

Ibirango byabonetse ku bice by'ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho byaturitse, bica amarenga ko ari ibyo mu bwoko bwitwa Rugged Pager AR-924. Ariko kompanyi Gold Apollo yo muri Taiwan ibikora yahakanye ivuga ko nta ruhare na rumwe yagize muri ibyo biturika.

Uwayishinze, Hsu Ching-Kuang, yavuze ko kompanyi ye yari yaragiranye amasezerano na kompanyi y'i Burayi kugira ngo ijye ikora ibyo bikoresho by'itumanaho ndetse ikoreshe izina rya kompanyi ye.

Ubwo BBC yasuraga kompanyi Gold Apollo kuri uyu wa gatatu, polisi yaho yari yuzuye mu biro by'iyo kompanyi, igenzura inyandiko ndetse ibaza ibibazo abakozi.

Emily Harding, wahoze ari umusesenguzi w'amakuru y'ubutasi mu kigo cy'Amerika cy'ubutasi bwo mu mahanga (CIA), yavuze ko uko kwinjirirwa mu ikoranabuhanga guteye ikimwaro (isoni) cyane kuri Hezbollah.

Yabwiye BBC ati: "Kwinjirirwa ku kigero kinini gutya ntibyangiza ku mubiri gusa, ahubwo binatuma bibaza [bashidikanya] ku rwego rw'umutekano rwabo rwose."

Yongeyeho ati: "Nakwitega kubona bakora iperereza ryimbitse ry'imbere rizabarangaza ku kuba bashobora kuzarwana na Israel."

Intambara ya Hezbollah na Israel izafata indi ntera?

Hezbollah ikorana n'umwanzi wa mbere wa Israel mu karere, Irani. Uwo mutwe uri mu mitwe ikoreshwa na Irani iri mu rugaga ruzwi nka 'Axis of Resistance', ndetse umaze amezi uri mu ntambara iri ku kigero cyo hasi na Israel, akenshi impande zombi zikarasana za rokete na za misile ku mupaka wa Israel wo mu majyaruguru. Abaturage bose ku mpande zombi bataye ingo zabo muri ako gace.

Ibyo biturika byabaye hashize amasaha guverinoma y'umutekano ya Israel itangaje ko gusubiza abaturage mu majyaruguru y'igihugu mu buryo butekanye, ari intego y'intambara.

Minisitiri w'intebe wa Israel Benjamin Netanyahu yabwiye umutegetsi wo muri Amerika wasuye icyo gihugu ko Israel izakora "icya ngombwa ku mutekano wayo".

Mbere yaho ku wa mbere, ikigo cya Israel cy'ubutasi bw'imbere mu gihugu (kizwi nka Shin Bet) cyavuze ko cyaburijemo igerageza rya Hezbollah ryo kwica uwahoze ari umutegetsi mu gisirikare.

Nubwo ubushyamirane bukomeje, bamwe mu bakurikiranira ibintu hafi bavuga ko kugeza ubu impande zombi zigamije kwirinda ko buhinduka intambara isesuye.

Ariko hari ubwoba ko uko ibintu bimeze ubu bishobora kurenga igaruriro, mu gihe Hezbollah yamaze gukangisha ko izasubiza kuri ibyo biturika byo ku wa kabiri.

Amakuru y'inyongera kuri iyi nkuru yatawe na Frances Mao