Ni ibiki vyabaye neza na neza muri Syria?

Inyeshamba za Syria zinjiye ku mugwa mukuru Damas, bikavugwa ko Perezida Bashar al-Assad yahunze inyuma y'imyaka 13 y'intambara yo hagati mu gihugu.

Umushikiranganji wa mbere Mohammed al-Jalali avuga ko yiteguye gushigikira kugira ngo ubutegetsi bubandanye mu gihugu.

Ibi bibaye inyuma y'imisi 12 yonyene umuhari wa kisilamu Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) n'imirwi icuditse nawo itanguye igitero gikomeye mu buraruko bushira uburengero.

Inyeshamba zabanje gufata igisagara kigira kabiri mu gihugu, Aleppo, mu nyuma zirabandanya mu bumanuko gushika ku mugwa mukuru mu gihe igisirikare ca Syria cagenda gisenyuka.

Intambara yo muri Syria yadutse gute?

Muri Ntwarante (3) 2011, haradutse imyiyerekano yo guharanira demokarasi mu gisagara ca Deraa kiri mu bumanuko bw'igihugu, barabiye ku migumuko yo mu bihugu bibanyi yo kwiyamiriza ubutegetsi bw'agahotoro.

Igihe reta ya Syria yakoresha inguvu za gisirikare mu gutuza abari bayihanze, haciye haduka imyiyerekano mu gihugu cose yo gusaba ko umukuru w'igihugu atanga imihoho.

Imigumuko yarakwiragiye, urugamba rwo kuyituza narwo rurakomera. Abari bashigikiye abatavuga rumwe na reta bafashe ibirwanisho, ubwa mbere kugira ngo bivune bo nyene ubwabo, hanyuma mu nyuma barondera gutuza abajejwe umutekano mu turere twabo. Perezida Assad yariyemeje gutuza abo yita "abanyamahanga bashigikira iterabwoba".

Niho haca havuka amajana n'amajana y'imirwi y'inyeshamba, ibihugu vyo hanze na vyo bica bitangura gushigikira impande kanaka, imirwi ya kisilamu igendera ku vyiyumviro bikaze nka Reta ya Kisilamu na al-Qaeda, nayo iti twatanzwe.

Imishamirano yarabaye ndanse, igihugu gica cinjira mu ntambara yeruye yo hagati mu gihugu, aho ibihugu vy'akarere n'ibihugu rutura kw'isi vyisanze vyayiinjiyemwo.

Abantu barenga igice c'umuriyoni barishwe abandi imiriyoni 12 nabo bateshwa izabo, aho abababa imiriyoni zitanu babaye impunzi canke basaba ubuhungiro hanze.

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham ni iki?

HTS yashinzwe yitwa irindi zina, Jabhat al-Nusra, mu 2012 nk'umuhari wegamiye Al Qaeda.

Umukuru w'umurwi wiyita Reta ya Kisilamu (Etat Islamique/Islamic State, IS), Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi na we nyene yaragize uruhara mw'ishingwa ryayo.

HTS yafatwa nk'umwe mu mirwi ikomeye kandi y'ububisha yarwanya Perezida Assad.

Ifatwa kandi nk'umuhari w'iterabwoba imbere ya ONU, Amerika, Turukiya n'ibindi bihugu.

Ariko imigambi yayo yo kurwana intambara ya kisilamu ni yo yari ifise ikibanza gikomeye gusumba ivyo kurwanira impinduka - ico gihe ikaba yabonwa ko itabona kumwe ibintu n'urunani rw'imihari y'inyeshamba yari yitaziriye Free Syria.

Niho mu 2016, umukuru w'uno murwi, Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani, yavavanura ku mugaragaro na Al Qaeda, asambura Jabhat al-Nusra aca ashinga umuhari mushasha awita Hayat Tahrir al-Sham igihe yaja hamwe n'iyindi mihari isa nayo haciye umwaka.

Mu gihe kanaka, HTS yarashinze ruraguma mu ntara ya Idlib mu buraruko bushira uburengero aho ari yo yari ifise uburongozi bw'intara, naho nyene utwigoro twayo two kurondera kwemerwa twatosekajwe n'ibirego vy'ihonyangwa ry'agateka ka muntu.

Yaragize uruhara kandi mu ndyane zimwe zimwe zikomeye n'iyindi mirwi.

Imigambi yayo hanze ya Idlib ntiyari itomoye neza.

Kuva yitandukanije na Al Qaeda, intego yayo yagumye ari ukurondera gushinga intwaro ishingiye kw'idini rya Islam muri Syria hakuba umuhari urwanira gushinga intwaro y'akarere ishingiye kw'idini rya Islam, nk'uko IS yabigerageje uburuhiro ikananirwa.

Ntiwari bwerekane ikimenyetso na kimwe co kugerageza kuvyura intambara ya Syria ku rugero rukomeye no gusubira guhangara ubutegetsi bwa Assad hafi mu gihugu cose - gushika ubu.

Mu kiganiro Jawlani yagiranye n'imboneshakure CNN yo muri Amerika ku wa gatanu, yavuze ati "intego y'urugamba iracari iyo gusenyura iyi ntwaro" kandi ko ategekanya gushinga reta igize n'inzego n'" nkuru itowe n'abanyagihugu".

Iki gitero c'inyeshamba caje gute?

Mu myaka itari mike, Idlib yagumye irangwamwo intambara mu gihe ingabo za reta ya Syria zagerageza kuyibohoza.

Ariko amasezerano yo mu 2020 yo guhagarika intambara yahagarariwe n'Uburusiya, incuti ya kera ya Assad, hamwe na Turukiya yari ishigikiye izi nyeshamba, yari yubahirijwe ku rugero runini.

Abanyagihugu bababa imiriyoni zine ni bo babayo - abenshi muri bo bakaba ari abataye izabo mu bisagara n'ubutere ingabo za Assad zari zatsinze inyeshamba mu ntambara ruburakigongwe.

HTS n'imirwi bikorana yavuze ku wa 27 Munyonyo (11) ko yatanguje igitero co "kurwanya ihohotera", yagiriza reta n'incuti zayo guhohotera aanyagihugu mu bitero vyabo mu buraruko bushira uburengero.

Ariko iki gitero caje mu gihe reta yari imaze imugajwe n'imyaka itari mike yari imaze mu ntambara, mu bihano n'igiturire, mu gihe kandi incuti zayo zari zihanzwe n'izindi ntambara zibera ahandi.

Aleppo ni kamwe mu turere twabayemwo intambara zasheshe amaraso menshi, kandi yabaye kimwe mu bimenyetso vy'ugutsindwa gukomeye kw'inyeshamba.

Mu gushika ku ntsinzi, Perezida Assad ntiyashobora kwizigira ingabo z'igihugu zari zifise ibikoresho bike kandi zifise intege nke, zitanatevye no kwerekana ko zitashobora kwihagararako imbere y'inyeshamba.

Ahubwo yafashijwe cane n'indege rutura z'Uburusiya mu gihe igisirikare ca Irani naco cafasha mu ntambara zo ku butaka - cane cane biciye ku mihari isanzwe ifashwe mu mugongo na reta ya Irani.

Muri iyi mihari harimwo Hezbollah.

Nta nkeka ko ibibazo Hezbollah iherutse kugira mu bitero vya Israel muri Libani, co kimwe kandi n'ibitero vya Israel ku ntwazangabo z'igisirikare ca Irani muri Syria, vyagize uruhara rudasanzwe mu gutuma imihari y'inyeshamba muri Idlib ifata ingingo yo gukora igitero cayo mu buryo giturumbuka ku gisagara ca Aleppo.

Mu mezi make aheze, Israel yarongereje umurindi mu bitero vyayo ku mirwi ifashwe mu mugongo na Irani, co kimwe n'amayira yacishwamwo imfashanyo, ibi bikaba vyateje ingorane zikomeye mu bijanye no gushikana uburyo bwahora butuma iyi mihari ibandanya ikorera muri Syria , harimwo na Hezbollah. Uburusiya kandi bwari bwasamajwe n'intambara yabwo muri Ukraine.

Iyi mihari imaze kubura uburyo bwo kubandanya ikorera muri Syria, ingabo za Assad zaciye zisigara zigaragara.

Ku rubuga ibintu vyagenze gute?

Inyeshamba zirongowe na HTS zabanje kwigarurira Aleppo – igisagara kigira kabiri mu gihugu - ku wa 30 Munyonyo, haciye imisi itatu gusa gitangije igitero caje giturumbuka. Zivuga ko ata ntambara ikomeye zarwanye kuko reta yaciye ikurayo bukwi na bukwi ingabo zayo n'abajejwe umutekano.

Assad yararahiye ko yari yiteguriye "gutuza" izi nyeshamba afashijwe n'incuti ziwe. Indege z'intambara z'Uburusiya zabandanije zicucagira ibibombe ku turere twari mu minwe y'inyeshamba, imirwi y'abarwanyi ifashwe mu mugongo na Irani nayo irungika izindi ngabo gufasha ingabo za reta mu micungararo ya Hama – igisagara ushikirako uvuye Aleppo utera uja ku mugwa mukuru Damas.

Hagati aho, ku wa kane Hama yaguye mu minwe y'inyeshamba inyuma y'imisi mike y'intambara zikomeye zatumye ingabo za reta zita zikomoka.

Ubwo nyene, inyeshamba zaciye zitangaza ko intego yazo yakurikira cari igisagara ca Homs kigira gatatu muri Syria, kikaba caje gufatwa ejo ku wa gatandatu mw'ijoro inyuma y'umusi umwe gusa w'intambara.

Muri ico gihe nyene, iyindi mirwi y'inyeshamba iri mu bumanuko bushira uburengero bw'igihugu, ku rubibe na Yorodaniya, yari yashitse mu micungararo ya Damas inyuma yo kwigarurira ibisagara vya Deraa na Suweida mu masaha 24 yonyene.

Mu gatondo ko kuri uno wa Mungu, inyeshamba zirongowe na HTS niho zatangaza ko zinjiye i Damas zikabohoza impfungwa zo mw'ibohero karuhariwe rya Saydanaya ryari ripfungiwemwo ibihumbi n'ibihumbi vy'abari bashigikiye abarwanya ubutegetsi bwa Assad, kandi rizwi ko ryagandaguriwemwo abagirizwa ko bashigikiye abarwanya ubutegetsi muri ico gihe c'intambara.

Mu kiringo kidashika amasaha abiri, niho batangaza bati: "Umwicanyi Bashar al-Assad yahunze".

"Inyuma y'imyaka 50 y'agahahazo ku butegetsi bwa Baath, n'imyaka 13 y'ubugizi bwa nabi n'ububisha n'uguhunga ... dutangaje ko uno musi ari iherezo ry'iki gihe c'umwiza n'intango y'ikiringo gishasha kuri Siriya".

Abakuru b'ingabo bavuga ko uno mukuru w'igihugu yavuye ku mugwa mukuru mu ndege aja ahantu atazwi imbere gato y'uko inyeshamba.

Umushikiranganji wa mbere wa Assad, Mohammed al-Jalali, yaciye atangaza muri video ko yiteguriye "gukorana n'uburongozi bwose bwatowe n'abanyagihugu ba Syria".

Jawlani yategetse ingabo ziwe kutegera inzego z'igihugu, avuga ko zizoguma mu minwe y'umushikiranganji wa mbere gushika zishikirijwe "ku mugaragaro".

Amakungu avuga iki?

Maison Blanche/White House, ibiro vy'umukuru w'igihugu ca amerika, ivuga ko Perezida Joe Biden n'umurwi wiwe "bakurikiranira hagufi ibintu vy'igitangaza bibaye muri Syria kandi babandanya bavugana n'incuti zo mu karere".