Ibikomere biterwa n'urushako – imwe mu ndwara 'zavumbuwe' n'impuguke y'Umunyarwanda

Umunyarwanda w'impuguke mu buzima bwo mu mutwe n'ubuvuzi rusange bw'abantu avuga ko yavumbuye indwara eshatu z'ihungabana, n'uburyo bukiri mu igerageza bwo kuzivura.

Dr Célestin Mutuyimana, w'imyaka 39, ni umwarimu kuri Kaminuza ya Zurich mu Busuwisi mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe (psychology).

Tariki ya 10 Ukwakira (10) buri mwaka, ni umunsi mpuzamahanga wahariwe ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, uwa none ufite insanganyamatsiko yuko mu gufasha abugarijwe n'amakuba ku isi hakwiye no kuzirikanwa ku bufasha bujyanye n'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.

Ibyo Dr Mutuyimana yagezeho mu bushakashatsi bwe – bwanagenzuwe n'abandi bahanga bo mu rwego rwe mu gikorwa kizwi nka 'peer review' – byamuhesheje igihembo mu kwezi gushize i Berlin mu Budage kizwi nka 'Ernst Eduard Boesch Prize for Cultural Psychology'.

Ni igihembo avuga ko gihabwa "umuntu ukiri mutoya mu bya siyanse, wabashije gukora ubushakashatsi buha agaciro umuco kandi bukagira uruhare mu gufasha aho atuye n'isi muri rusange".

Mu kiganiro kuri telefone na BBC News Gahuzamiryango, Dr Mutuyimana avuga ko mbere y'uruhererekane rw'ubushakashatsi bwe – yatangiye gukora mu mwaka wa 2018 – hari hamenyerewe uburwayi bwo mu mutwe buterwa n'ihungabana buzwi nka 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder' (PTSD) n'agahinda gakabije (depression).

Gusa avuga ko yaje gusanga "hari abantu baba bafite ibimenyetso, batajya bibona na rimwe bafite ibyo bimenyetso nkuko bivugwa mu bitabo by'abahanga byandikiwe muri Amerika n'i Burayi".

Yagize ati: "Ukabona abantu bararwaye ariko ntibazigere bibona muri ibyo bimenyetso bafite. Hanyuma rero ubushakashatsi bwanjye bwa mbere bwari ubwo kumenya, kureba ibyo bimenyetso byihariye bitewe n'umuco umuntu atuyemo."

Ubwo burwayi butatu ni ubuhe?

Kuri ubu avuga ko yamaze kwerekana uburwayi butatu ariko "ntabwo buremezwa ngo bube uburwayi mpuzamahanga ariko nibura burazwi. Mbere yuko nkora ubushakashatsi ntabwo bwari buhari".

Imwe mu nyandiko yatangajwemo bumwe mu bushakashatsi bwe yemera ko ingingo y'ihungabana rituruka ku rushako itarakorwaho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse.

Uburwayi bwa mbere ni ubwo yise ibikomere by'amateka, "ni ukuvuga kuba hari abantu bahuye n'amateka asharira, ahuriweho n'abantu bose kandi akomeza yisubiramo, hari ibimenyetso bagira abandi bantu batagira kandi birenze bya bindi twari tuzi by'ihungabana".

Amwe muri ayo mateka ni nk'aya jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994.

Yagize ati: "Urugero, nko kugira urwicyekwe rwinshi cyane cyangwa se nko kuba umuntu ababazwa cyane n'ibintu byabaga mu muco w'iwabo."

Indwara ya kabiri, yise ibikomere by'umuco, igaruka ku bimenyetso by'ihungabana umuntu ashobora kugira bitewe n'umuco abamo.

Ati: "Urugero, nk'ubu mu muco wacu, abantu benshi barakubwira bati 'numva mfite ububabare bw'umubiri, numva mbihiwe muri jyewe, numva ntashaka kwegera abantu.'"

Ariko Dr Mutuyimana avuga ko benshi baba badashobora kujya kubyivuza "bitewe n'uko umuco wacu uvuga ngo 'imfura ishinjagira ishira', 'agahinda k'inkoko kamenywa n'inkike yatoyemo' cyangwa se 'baramutse bambonye', 'amarira y'umugabo atemba ajya mu nda'".

Uburwayi bwa gatatu avuga ko yavumbuye ni ubugaragaza ko "hari abantu bagira ibikomere batewe n'urushako kubera ko ibyo bari biteze kuzabona mu rushako bitigeze biboneka".

Ati: "Ugasanga umuntu afite ibimenyetso nko kubabara umutwe igihe kinini, ijosi, umugongo, kumva ahora iteka atekereza ku rushako rwe, kutagira amahoro muri we, kumva ibintu byose muri iyi si yarabyanze ndetse yaranze n'abantu n'ibindi, ariko wabitekereza ukabura ngo ni ubuhe burwayi [arwaye].

"Nyuma rero nza gusanga ko ari uburwayi bwihariye", mu bushakashatsi bwe yasanze muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, ariko, nkuko abivuga, bigaragara ko no mu bihugu by'i Burayi n'Amerika "byashoboka" ko buhari.

Mu bushakashatsi bwe, nko ku bikomere by'amateka avuga ko yasanze 31% by'Abanyarwanda bafite iryo hungabana, bakaba barimo n'urubyiruko "kuko ibikomere by'amateka biranahererekanywa biva mu kiragano kimwe bijya mu kindi".

Ati: "Bitavuze ko ibikomere ufite ubikura kwa mama wawe cyangwa kwa papa wawe. Oya, kuba [gusa] utuye muri iyo 'communauté' [uwo muryango] yahuye na 'mass trauma', n'ibintu bihungabanya icyarimwe abantu bose bakaba bafite ibyo bikomere."

Minisiteri y'ubuzima mu Rwanda ivuga ko umuntu umwe muri batanu mu Rwanda yahuye n'ikibazo cy'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, nkuko bikubiye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'ubuzima (RBC) mu mwaka wa 2018.

Bumwe mu buvuzi bwe

Dr Mutuyimana avuga ko imwe mu miti yifashisha mu kuvura abagana ikigo yashinze gikorera mu Rwanda n'ahandi cy'ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe no guhugura abantu ku buzima bwo mu mutwe – cyitwa 'Baho Smile Institute' – harimo nko gutega amatwi abarwayi, no kubaha aho bavugira bisanzuye, "kuko akenshi icyo umuntu abuze, abuze aho hantu ho kuvugira kugira ngo avuge na bya bindi bitavugika", no kumusobanurira ubwo burwayi.

Ati: "Imwe mu miti turimo kugerageza gukora ni ishingiye ku buntu, turi gufasha abantu ko bongera kwiyumva ko ari abantu, ko bongera kwiyumva ko ubuzima bukwiriye kubaho, ko bongera kwiyumva ko bacyeneye abandi, ko bongera kuzanira [kuzana] icyizere n'icyanga cy'ubuzima."

"Igihe rero turi kuvura umuntu, ntago [ntabwo] tumuvura nk'umuntu ku giti cye. Dufite na 'techniques', uburyo bwo kuvura noneho bushyiramo n'umuryango.

"Kugira ngo umuryango wongere uganire, wongere ugire ubumwe, wongere uryoherwe no kubaho, wongere wige, wongere ugabanye 'violence', ni ukuvuga ihohotera [urugomo], wongere ube umuryango ureba yuko ubuzima bushoboka kubaho kandi abantu bihanganiranye kandi baranakize."

Avuga ko banigisha ibimenyetso biri ku rwego rusange, birimo nko kutihanganirana, bigarara mu bihugu nk'u Rwanda biba byarabayemo ihungabana.

Ati: "Kuburyo umuntu ushobora kumubwira akantu gato, ukabona aragusimbukanye.

"Ni ukuvuga ko rero, mbishyize muri rusange, dukora umuntu ku bimenyetso bye yazanye, tukabimusobanurira, iby'umubiri, iby'umutima, ibya roho, hanyuma tukabivura bitewe n'ibimenyetso."

Dr Mutuyimana avuga ko nubwo "hari intambwe imaze guterwa" mu Rwanda ku ruhande rwa leta no ku rw'abavuzi nka we b'uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, igihe kigeze ngo Abanyarwanda bareke kuba "ba hisha mu nda".

Ati: "Ibibazo byo mu mutwe byo ubwabyo bifite isura yuko uwabigize aba ari uwananiwe, ni umuntu w'umunyantege nke.

"Nawe turi kuvugana Didier uramutse uvuze ko umanutse [ugiye kuri] CARAES [ibitaro by'indwara zo mu mutwe mu Rwanda], ntago [ntabwo] wabivuga usakuza, uti 'buriya mvuye CARAES'."

Dr Mutuyimana avuga ko afite icyizere ko akato kazageraho kakavaho burundu ku bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe ndetse asaba ko amahugurwa ku buzima bwo mu mutwe yiyongera.

Anasaba ko Abanyarwanda barushaho guha agaciro imigani nka "nta mugabo umwe", "umutwe umwe wifasha gusara [ntiwigira inama]" n'"ushaka gukira indwara arayirata".