Umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe abagore: usigura iki kuri Africa?
Ahavuye isanamu, UN Women/Bennie Khanyizira
Buri mwaka, kw'igenekerezo rya 8 Ntwarante (Werurwe mu kinyarwanda) ONU yama ihimbaza uburenganzira bw'abagore bwabonetse bitoroshe - ni mu ntumbero yo gushira ahabona ibibazo biri imbere mu twigoro two kurandurana n'imizi ikumira rishingiye ku gitsina mu bice hafi vyose vy'ubuzima.
"Uburinganire hagati y'abadasangiye ibitsina mu gutegura kazoza keza" nico civugo cashinzwe na ONU muri uno mwaka mu guhimbaza ikizwi nk'umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe abagore ( International Women's Day, IWD)
Kubera iki yahisemwo iki civugo?
Dr Maxime Houinato arongoye igisata c'abagore mw'ishirahamwe ONU mu karere k'ubuseruko n'ubumanuko bwa Afrika, yabwiye BBC ko "guteza imbere uburinganire hagati y'abadasangiye ibitsina muri kino gihe isi ihanzwe n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere no kurondera kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n'ibiza, ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye bihanze isi muri kino kinjana ca 21".
Umupfasoni Houinato ati: "Abagore n'abakobwa nibo bahura n'ingaruka nini z'ihindagurika ry'ikirere".
Ubushakashatsi bwa ONU bwerekana ko abagore n'abakobwa ari bo bapfa ku bwinshi iyo habaye ibiza.
Ku rubuga rwaco, igisata ca ONU kijejwe abagore (UN Women ) kivuga kiti: "Nk'akarorero, 95% y'abapfuye mu myuzurira yateye amazinga ya Salomon/Solomon mu 2014 bari abagore, 55% y'abapfuye igihe nyamugigima itera Nepal mu 2015 bari abagore, nayo 59% y'abataye izabo igihe igihuhusi Idai gitera muri Malawi mu 2019 bari abagore".
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Vyongeye kandi, ibiza biturutse ku kirere kibi bigenda vyunyura ibibazo vy'imibereho n'ubutunzi.
"Muri Uganda nk'akarorero, ibitungwa vyahonye, imirima iratikira imfungurwa zirakena kubera ubushuhe bw'umurengera, inzige nazo ziza zituma abana baheba ishure, ibi vyose bikaba vyatumye abana b'abakobwa bakoreshwa ku nguvu maze ibitigiri vy'abana barongorwa bakiri bato navyo biriyongera kugira ngo abavyeyi baronke ico bahereza umunwa", nk'uko ikinyamakuru Inter Press Service candika amakuru ajanye n'iterambere kivyandika.
Umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe abagore watanguye gute?
Umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe abagore (IWD) wavuye mu muhari waharanira agateka k'abakozi mu 1908, maze uza kwemezwa na ONU ku mugaragaro nk'umusi mukuru haciye imyaka mirongo, mu 1975.
Mu 1908, abagore barenga 15.000 barihaye amabarabara mu gisagara ca New York muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika basaba kugabanirizwa amasaha y'akazi, umushahara mwiza hamwe n'uburenganzira bwo gutora.
Umugambwe w'aba Sosiyalisti (Socialist Party of America) waciye utangaza umusi wahariwe abagore muri Amerika haciye umwaka.
Umudagi w'umu marxiste akongera agaharanira ubwigenge bw'abagore (feminist) Clara Zetkin ni umwe mu batumye uyu musi wahariwe abagore wahimbazwa muri Amerika ucika umusi mpuzamakungu.
Ahavuye isanamu, Harlingue
Abagore 100 bavuye mu bihugu 17 bahambije Zetkin mu nama mpuzamakungu yahuza abakozi b'abagore ku mugwa mukuru wa Danemark Copenhagen mu 1910.
Iyi nama yashigikiye ata n'umwe avuyemwo iciyumviro ca Zetkin c'uko mu mwaka wakurikira, umusi wahariwe abagore uhimbazwa muri Autriche/Austria, Danemark, Ubudagi no mu Buswisi.
Nta tariki y'umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe abagore yagenywe nk'uko Zetkin yavyipfuza.
Mu Burusiya wagiye kwemezwa inyuma y'imyiyerekano yabaye mu ntambara mu 1917. Abagore basaba "umukate n'amahoro" - inyuma y'imisi ine abagore batanguye imyiyerekano umu Tsar (umwami w'Uburusiya) yategetswe gutanga imihoho hanyuma reta mfatakibanza ica iha abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora.
Mu kirangamisi ca Julian cakoreshwa n'Uburusiya, aba bagore batanguye imyiyerekano ku wa Mungu igenekerezo rya 23 ruhuhuma (ukwa kabiri). Mu kirangamisi citiriwe Geregori (Calendrier grégorien/Gregorian calendar) hari ku wa 08 ntwarante. Ni ryo genekerezo uyu musi uhimbarizwako nk'umusi w'akaruhuko mu Burusiya no mu bindi bihugu bitari bike.
Muri Afrika hoho ni gute?
Uyu musi uhimbazwa nk'umusi w'akaruhuko mu bihugu indwi vya Afrika. Muri ibi harimwo na Eritrea, mu ntumbero yo gukenguruka uruhara abagore n'abakobwa bagize - nk'abarwanyi - mu rugamba rw'imyaka cumi rwo kurwanira ubwigenge bw'ico gihugu.
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
Ibindi bihugu bitanga akaruhuko kuri uyu musi wa 08 ntwarante wahariwe abagore ni Angola, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Uganda na Zambia.
Muri Madagascar, ni umusi w'akaruhuko ku bagore gusa.
Ibihugu bimwe bimwe bifise umusi wavyo wahariwe abagore - Afrika y'Epfo iwuhimbaza nk'umusi w'akaruhuko ku wa 09 myandagaro (ukwa munani) mu kwibuka abagore 20.000 bagize imyiyerekano mu 1956 biyamiriza poritike y'ivanguramoko ku butegetsi bw'inkehwa z'abazungu batwara ico gihe.
Mu rugendo rwariko rubatwara ku cicaro c'ubutegetsi ku mugwa mukuru Pretoria, aba bagore bagenda baririmba bati: "Ukubise umugore, uba ukubise urutare".
Hampande y'ibi, Ubumwe bwa Bulaya bwashinze igenekerezo rya 31 mukakaro (ukw'indwi) nk'umusi wa Afrika wahariwe abagore.
Ubumwe bwa Afrika buvuga ko uyu musi ufise intumbdro yo "kwemeza no gushimangira" uruhara rw'abakenyezi mu "kurwanira uburenganzira bwa poritike muri Afrika no gukomeza ikibanza c'abakenyezi mu mibereho n'ubutunzi ku mugabane".
N'aho hakiri vyinshi vyo gukora kugira ngo dushikire uburinganire hagati y'abadasangiye ibitsina, abagore muri Afrika baramaze gutera intambwe ikomeye, ibiharuro vya ONU mu 2021 bikerekana ko Urwanda rufise ibiharuro binini mu nama nshingamateka - ku rugero rwa 61%, rugakurikirwa na Cuba hamwe na Bolovia ku rugero rwa 53% kimwe kimwe cose, hanyuma hakaza Emira Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ku rugero rwa 50%.
Uturere twa Afrika y'ubuseruko n'ubumanuko nitwo dufise ibitigiri binini vy'abagore mu nama nshingamateka mu karere kose ka Afrika yo musi y'ubugaragwa bwa Sahara - ku rugero rwa 32% nk'uko vyerekanwa n'ibiharuro vyo muri Kigarama (ukwa cumi na kabiri) 2020, ugereranije n'ivyo kw'isi yose aho abgore bari ku rugero rwa 24.5%.
