Chad: Idriss Déby – Iherezo ry'uwo bahimbaga 'The Great Survivor'

Idriss Déby, Perezida wa Tchad wo mu myaka 30 ishize, yabayeho kurenza izina bamuhimbaga rya 'Le Grand Survivant' (The Great Survivor).

Uyu mugabo wari ufite imyaka 68, wari umaze no kongera gutorwa kuri manda ya gatandatu, yiciwe mu mirwano n'inyeshyamba zari zirimo zigira imbere, bisoza akazi ke karanzwe n'ubuhanga bwa gisirikare.

Uyu musirikare akaba n'umupilote watorejwe mu Bufaransa, yayoboye igisirikare mu myaka ya 1980 ku butegetsi bw'umunyagitugu wamenyekanye cyane, Perezida Hissène Habré, mbere yuko aba bombi bashwana.

Yahunze igihugu, yisanga muri Libya aho yagiranye amasezerano na Col Muammar Gaddafi wategekaga icyo gihugu akaba n'umwanzi wa Habré, amufasha gukora umutwe w'inyeshyamba na we akamubwira amabanga ku bikorwa byo muri Tchad by'ikigo cy'Amerika cy'ubutasi bwo mu mahanga (CIA).

We n'inyeshyamba ze bageze mu murwa mukuru N'Djamena mu kwezi kwa cumi na kabiri mu 1990 - ariko yagize ingorane nyinshi anahura n'amagerageza menshi y'ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi bwe mu myaka 30 yari abumazeho.

Mu 2006, inyeshyamba zari zigeze neza neza hanze y'ingoro ye zitera ibisasu bya grenade zibirenza urukuta - ndetse no mu 2008-2009 ubwo abandi barwanyi bamusatiraga, yacukuye umuyoboro w'ubwirinzi ukikije umujyi wa N'Djamena anatema ibiti byose binini byari ku mihanda, mu kubuza inyeshyamba kongera kwinjira mu mujyi.

Yaratinywaga agakoresha n'ingufu

Abakurikiranira hafi ibya Tchad bavuga ko bidatangaje kumva ko Déby yapfiriye ku rugamba kuko yari umuntu w'umunyabikorwa (utarangwa n'amagambo) iyo bigeze ku kurwanya abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwe - akenshi we ubwe yajyaga kuyobora ingabo iyo yumvaga ko abayobozi b'urugamba batarimo guhashya inyeshyamba.

Nk'umukuru w'ingabo akaba na perezida, yari atinywe - hari abantu bavuga ko yari ateye ukuntu kwatumaga batashoboraga kumwisukira.

Kandi nta na rimwe yazuyazaga mu kwibasira abagerageje kumushyira ku nkeke.

Ibi ni ibintu byoroshye kubyemera urebye amafoto ye - yari muremure kandi agaragaza kuba afite imbaraga - ariko nanone akaba asobanukiwe neza ibya dipolomasi kuburyo akenshi abo bahanganye yabaguraga bagahinduka abo ku ruhande rwe.

Abasesenguzi bavuga ko yari anasobanukiwe neza igicyenewe ngo Tchad ikomeze gushyira hamwe, kandi ko yari azi neza icyo Ubufaransa, bwahoze bukoloniza Tchad, n'Uburayi n'Amerika bacyeneye - akakibaha.

Kurwanya intagondwa

Déby yagaragaje ibi mu kuba inshuti y'ingenzi cyane yabo mu rugamba rwo kurwanya intagondwa ziyitirira idini ya Islam zo mu karere ka Sahel.

Ako ni akarere kagwamo imvura nkeya cyane, mu majyepfo y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, karimo ibihugu nka Mali, Tchad, Niger, Burkina Faso na Mauritania.

Ubwo mu 2015 igisirikare cya Nigeria cyananirwaga guhagarika intagondwa za Boko Haram zarimo zifata ibice binini mu majyaruguru ashyira uburasirazuba ndetse n'umutekano mucye ugasakara mu bihugu bikora ku kiyaga cya Tchad, Déby yohereje ingabo ze muri Nigeria.

Ingabo ze zanagize uruhare rukomeye mu ngabo 5,000 zigize umutwe wa G5 (uhuriwemo na Burkina Faso, Tchad, Mali, Mauritania na Niger), washyizweho nyuma yuko Ubufaransa bwohereje ingabo muri Mali mu 2013 ngo bubuze imitwe y'intagondwa gufata ubutegetsi.

Déby anasa nk'uwagennye uburyo intambara zirwanwa muri ako karere - ubwo yayoboraga ingabo za Tchad zirwana n'igisirikare gikomeye cya Libya mu mwaka wa 1987.

Mu cyamenyekanye nk'"Intambara ya za Toyota" (La Guerre des Toyota/Toyota War), yakoresheje imodoka za pick-up zihuta cyane ziriho ibisasu bya misile n'imbunda za 'machine-guns' atsinda Abanya-Libya - ubu buryo bw'imirwano n'ubu bukoreshwa cyane muri ako karere.

Umurage w'ibitoro wapfushijwe ubusa

Déby, yari umuyisilamu wavukiye mu majyaruguru ya Tchad mu 1952, habura imyaka umunani ngo iki gihugu kibone ubwigenge ku Bufaransa - amakuru avuga ko se yari umworozi wo mu bwoko (clan) bwa Zaghawa.

Bamwe mu bamunenga bavuga ko ikintu kimwe gikomeye cyane yatsinzwemo ari ukuntu yatonesheje abo mu bwoko bwe akabasumbya inyungu rusange z'igihugu.

Ariko, n'umurage we ku bijyanye n'ibitoro bya Tchad, ubonwa nk'amahirwe akomeye cyane yapfushije ubusa.

Mu 2003 Tchad yahindutse igihugu gicukura ibitoro ubwo yuzuzaga umuyoboro wa miliyari 4 z'amadolari y'Amerika uhuza amariba yayo y'ibitoro n'inzira zo ku nyanja ya Atlantic.

Abakurikiranira hafi ibya Tchad bavuga ko Déby yapfushije ubusa za miliyari z'amadolari zo mu mutungo w'ibitoro - ndetse ntiyagira iterambere rigaragara ageza muri iki gihugu aho ubucyene bunuma.

Byibazwa ko mu myaka ishize yagize ibibazo by'ubuzima - ndetse yajyanwe n'indege mu Bufaransa kuvurwa umwijima.

Muri Tchad, nkuko ishami ry'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku buzima (OMS/WHO) ribivuga, hari abaganga (abadogiteri) bari munsi ya bane kuri buri baturage 100,000.

Ubutegetsi bw'ingufu bwa Déby ntabwo bwashoboye guhangana n'ibibazo bikomeye bya politike, imibanire n'iterambere byo muri Tchad. Ntabwo byacyemutse - kandi urupfu rwe rushobora gushyira iki gihugu mu rujijo rukomeye.