Non-communicable diseases - EdexcelSmoking and cardiovascular disease

Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in several ways:

• Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, including the coronary arteries. The damage encourages the build-up of fatty material in the arteries. This can lead to a heart attack or a stroke.
• Inhalation of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.
• The nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate, putting strain on the heart.
• Chemicals in cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of the blood clotting, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

Lung disease

Smoking may result in lung diseases.

A person may develop COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This condition includes the diseases chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In COPD:

• smoking damages the bronchioles and can eventually destroy many of the alveoli in the lungs
• the airways become inflamed and mucus, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up
• the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for respiration

The damage caused by COPD is permanent. The disease cannot be cured, and can result in death. It is essential that the person seeks medical help to try to prevent progression of the disease.

Lung cancer

The carcinogens in cigarette smoke also cause lung cancer. Almost all cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking - smaller numbers of cases are linked with air pollution and ionising radiation from radon gas, a radioactiveelement found in the environment in some parts of the country.

Many cases of lung cancer lead to death, although there have been improvements in diagnosis and treatment.

Note that the trend in the rate of developing lung cancer for women has been increasing, while that in men is decreasing. The main reason is because numbers of female smokers - unlike men - continued to increase in the 1950s and 1960s before starting to fall. Cancer may take some years to develop, so a fall in female rates of lung cancer is likely to occur later. Evidence also suggests that women are more susceptible to developing the condition.

Effects of smoking on babies

For mothers who smoke during pregnancy:

• smoking increases the risk of miscarriage
• the babies and children are more likely to suffer from respiratory infections and an increased risk of asthma
• the long-term physical growth and intellectual development of the baby/child is affected
• there is an increased risk of birth defects
• the birthweight of the baby is reduced

When parents smoke, there is a greater risk of cot death – sudden infant death syndrome.