Wheeler was a key member of Japan's campaign

Japan was widely tipped to host the 2011 tournament, but New Zealand was given the nod last November.

"The problem with the vote not being open is that nobody knows whether it was above board or not," Wheeler, who lobbied for Japan, told BBC Five Live.

"They've left themselves open to suspicion that deals have been done."

The Japanese Rugby Football Union was dismayed by the decision while the Asian Rugby Football Union asked the IRB to stage a re-run of the vote.

"They must review the process," added Wheeler. "Because I don't think in four years time they will get anybody to go through a bidding process if they're not sure they're going to be treated fairly and honestly."