Ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no gupfa imburagihe
Ahavuye isanamu, Getty Images
- Umwanditsi, Philippa Roxby
- Igikorwa, Umunyamakuru wa BBC ku buzima
Abantu barya ibiryo byatunganyijwe cyane (bizwi mu Cyongereza nka 'ultra-processed foods', UPF mu mpine) bashobora kuba bafite ibyago byinshi cyane byo gupfa hakiri kare (gucyenyuka), nkuko byumvikanishwa n'ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bihugu umunani birimo n'Ubwongereza n'Amerika.
Inyama zatunganyije, ibisuguti, ibinyobwa birimo gaze (nka za fanta n'ibinyobwa bitera imbaraga), ikiribwa gikoze mu mata avanzemo ibindi birungo kizwi nka 'ice cream' (cyangwa 'crème glacée'), n'ibinyampeke bimwe bisigaye biribwa nk'ifunguro rya mu gitondo, ni zimwe mu ngero z'ibyo biribwa bitunganyije cyane bizwi nka UPF, birimo kurushaho kumenyerwa mu mafunguro ku isi.
Ibyo biribwa bitunganyije cyane bikunze kuba birimo ibintu birenga bitanu, akenshi bitaboneka mu biribwa bisanzwe bitekwa mu rugo. Ibyo ni nk'ibyongerwa mu biryo ('additives'), ibyo kongeramo icyanga kiryohereye ('sweeteners') n'ibinyabutabire byo kunogereza imisusire (imiterere) cyangwa uburyo ibiryo bigaragaramo.
Inzobere zimwe zivuga ko bitazwi impamvu ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bifitanye isano no kugira ubuzima bubi - hari ibimenyetso bicye byuko biterwa no gutunganywa ubwabyo ndetse bishobora kuba biterwa no kuba ibi biribwa birimo amavuta (ibinure) menshi, umunyu mwinshi n'isukari nyinshi.
'Ibikorano bigize ibiribwa'
Abashakashatsi bakoze ubu bushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru ku buvuzi gitangazwamo ubushakashatsi bwagenzuwe n'inzobere cyitwa 'American Journal of Preventive Medicine', bize ku bushakashatsi bwabanje, bagereranya ingaruka ibiryo bitunganyije cyane umuntu arya bigira ku rupfu.
Ubwo bushakashatsi ntibushobora kugaragaza mu buryo budasubirwaho (ntakuka) ko ibyo biryo bitunganyije cyane (UPF) byateje impfu z'imburagihe.
Ibi ni ukubera ko ingano y'ibiryo bitunganyije cyane yo mu ndyo y'umuntu inafitanye isano n'indyo ye yose muri rusange, ibigero (ikigero) by'imyitozo ngororamubiri, imibereho ye n'ubuzima bwe muri rusange, na byo byose bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima.
Ubwo bushakashatsi (bwinshi) bwasuzumye amakuru yakusanyijwe ku ndyo z'abantu n'amakuru ku mpfu mu bihugu umunani - ari byo Australia, Brezili (Brazil), Canada, Chili, Colombia, Mexique, Ubwongereza n'Amerika.
Iyo raporo y'ubushakashatsi igereranya ko mu Bwongereza no muri Amerika, aho ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bitanga ingano irenze kimwe cya kabiri (1/2) cy'ingufu mu mubiri, 14% by'impfu ziba hakiri kare bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no kwangiza guterwa n'ibyo biryo.
Mu bihugu nka Colombia na Brezili, aho ibiryo bitunganyije cyane biri ku kigero cyo hasi cyane (bigize munsi ya 20% by'ibitera ingufu mu mubiri umuntu arya), ubu bushakashatsi bwagereranyije ko ibi biryo bifitanye isano n'impfu ziri ku kigero cya 4% cy'impfu zibaho mu buryo bw'imburagihe.
Umunya-Brezili Dr Eduardo Nilson, wayoboye ubu bushakashatsi, yavuze ko ibiryo bitunganyije cyane byagize ingaruka ku buzima "kubera impinduka ziba mu biryo mu itunganywa ryo mu nganda n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikorano bigize ibiribwa, harimo ibiha ibara ibiribwa, ibitanga icyanga by'ibikorano n'ibitanga uburyohe by'ibikorano, ibituma ibinyobwa byivanga, n'ibindi byinshi byongerwamo, hamwe n'ibindi byinshi byifashishwa mu gutunganya [ibiryo]".
Hashingiwe ku mibare y'aba bashakashatsi, mu mwaka wa 2018 muri Amerika habaye impfu 124,000 z'imburagihe zatewe no kurya ibiryo bitunganyije cyane. Mu Bwongereza, habaye impfu hafi 18,000 nk'izo.
Ubu bushakashatsi buvuga ko za leta zikwiye kuvugurura inama zigira abaturage ku mirire, zikabashishikariza kugabanya ibi biryo bitunganyije cyane.
Ariko akanama ka leta y'Ubwongereza k'inzobere ku mirire gaherutse kuvuga ko nta kimenyetso gikomeye na kimwe gihari kigaragaza isano hagati y'uburyo ibiryo bitunganywamo no kugira ubuzima bubi.
Ibiryo bitunganyije cyane ni iki?
Nta nshoza (igisobanuro) ihari buri wese yemeranyaho, ariko akenshi hakoreshwa itondekanya rizwi nka 'NOVA classification'. Ingero z'ibyo biryo ni nka:
- Za keke, ibyo kurya byo mu bwoko bw'imigati n'ibisuguti
- Ifiriti y'ibirayi yatunganyirijwe mu nganda
- Umugati wo mu maduka manini
- Sosiso, ' burger' ('hamburger') n'imigati irimo inyama izwi nka 'hot dogs'
- Isupu itunganyije umuntu ahita arya byihuse, amakaroni n'ibiribwa byo kurenza ku ifunguro bizwi nka 'desserts'
- Intongo z'inyama y'inkoko zikatwamo uduce zigakarangwa cyangwa zikotswa mu ifuru zizwi nka 'chicken nuggets'
- Intongo z'inyama y'ifi zikatwamo uduce zigakarangwa cyangwa zikotswa zizwi nka 'fish fingers'
- Yawurute ('yaourt') zo mu mbuto (ivyamwa mu Kirundi) hamwe n'ibinyobwa bikoze mu mbuto
- Amavuta asigwa ku mugati azwi nka 'margarine' hamwe n'ibindi binyamavuta bisigwa ku biribwa
- Amata y'impinja
Hari ibibazo bikibazwa
Imibare iri muri ubu bushakashatsi ishingiye ku buryo bwo gutanga ingero zoroshye z'amakuru y'urusobe - uburyo buzwi nka 'modelling' - ku bijyanye n'ingaruka ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bigira ku buzima bw'abantu.
Profeseri Kevin McConway, umwarimu uri mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru ariko ukinyuzamo akigisha ('emeritus professor') ibarurishamibare rikoreshwa mu ngiro ('applied statistics') kuri Open University mu Bwongereza, yavuze ko ubu bushakashatsi hari byinshi bwishyiramo nk'ukuri byo mu mibare, bituma agira amakenga ku cyo ibyagezweho n'ubu bushakashatsi bisobanuye.
Agira ati: "Biracyari kure yo gusobanuka niba kurya UPF [ibiryo bitunganyije cyane] iyo ari yo yose ari bibi ku buzima, cyangwa ubwoko bwa UPF bushobora kubitera.
"Ibi byose bisobanuye ko bidashoboka ko hari ubushakashatsi na bumwe bwonyine bwamenya neza niba ikinyuranyo mu mpfu hagati y'abantu barya ingano zitandukanye za UPF mu by'ukuri giterwa n'itandukaniro [ikinyuranyo] muri UPF barya.
"N'ubu ntushobora kumenya neza ushingiye ku bushakashatsi ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo muri ubu bwoko ngo iki nyirizina gitera iki."
Dr Nerys Astbury, inzobere ku ndyo no ku mubyibuho ukabije kuri Kaminuza ya Oxford mu Bwongereza, na we yemera ko hari intege nkeya muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Hashize igihe bizwi ko indyo ziganjemo ibitera imbaraga, ibinyamavuta n'isukari zishobora kongera ibyago by'indwara, nka diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, umubyibuho ukabije, ibibazo by'umutima na kanseri zimwe na zimwe, ibyo byose bikaba bishobora gutera impfu z'imburagihe.
Dr Astbury agira ati: "UPF [ibiryo bitunganyije cyane] nyinshi zikunze kuba ziganjemo izo ntungamubiri." Yongeyeho ko ubushakashatsi butandukanye bumaze gukorwa kugeza ubu butarashobora kugaragaza ko ingaruka za UPF ziterwa n'ikindi kintu icyo ari cyose kirenze (kitari) "indyo ziganjemo ibiribwa bikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga ndetse bifite ingano nini z'ibinyamavuta n'isukari".
Dr Stephen Burgess, wigisha kuri Kaminuza ya Cambridge mu Bwongereza, avuga ko ubushakashatsi nk'ubu budashobora kugaragaza ko kurya ibiryo bitunganyije cyane ari bibi ku buzima.
Ahubwo ukuntu umuntu ameze neza ku mubiri bishobora kuba impamvu nyamukuru y'ubuzima bubi. Ariko igihe ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwo mu bihugu byinshi no mu mico myinshi bwumvikanishije ko ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bishobora guteza ibyago ku buzima, Dr Burgess avuga ko "ibiryo bitunganyije cyane bishobora kuba birenze kuba indorerezi [bishobora kuba hari uruhare bibifitemo]".
Ishyirahamwe ry'ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa mu Bwongereza, rihagarariye inganda, ryavuze ko imvugo 'ibiryo bitunganyije cyane' "isebya ibiryo by'amoko menshi bishobora gufasha abantu kugera ku ndyo nziza yuzuye, birimo nka yawurute, isupu z'amakaroni cyangwa umugati".
Iryo shyirahamwe ryavuze ko ibintu byose inganda z'ibiribwa zongera mu biryo, byemezwa n'ikigo kigenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibiribwa, kigenzura niba nta kibazo biteje mu kubirya cyangwa kubinywa.
