Ubuzima bwa Colin Powell, yatabarutse ku tariki 18/10/2021

Colin Powell yavuka mu muryango ubayabaye ariko aza kuba umwirabure wa mbere yabaye umushikiranganji ajejwe imigenderanire muri Amerika.

Umwe mu basirikare bambwitswe imidari myinshi, yarabonye intambara ya Vietnam, ivyamufashije mu nyuma gutegura imikenyuro yiwe ya gisirikare na poritike.

Yabaye umujenama wa gisirikare w'abanyeporitike bakomeye batari bake muri Amerika. Kandi, n'ubwo nawe hari ivyo atagiye aratumbereza neza, yarafashije kugira amakungu abone ukundi ugutera Iraq mu 2003.

Colin Luther Powell yavukiye Harlem i New York City ku wa 05 ukwezi kwa kane mu 1937, avuka ku bimukira b'abanya-Jamaica.

Uko wenyene yavyiyemerera, yari umunyeshure abayabaye yahejeje ishure ata migambi yishimiye y'ico yari agiye gukora mu buzima.

Igihe yariko ariga ivyigwa vy'ubutaka (geologie) kuri kaminuza ya City College ya New York, yaciye yinjira muri Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), umugambi wari utunganijwe kugira utoranye indongozi za gisirikare muri kazoza.

Powell mu nyuma yavuze ko vyabaye mu bihe vyamunezereye cane mu buzima. Yavuze ati: "Uretse ko nabikunze, naranabishoboye cane."

Amaze kurangiza mu 1958, yaciye aduzwa kw'ipete rya 2eme lieutenant mu ngabo za Amerika. Yaciye yiga mw'ishure ryo muri Georgia, aho ibara ry'ukoba rwiwe ryamubuza kwinjira mu bunywero n'uburiro.

Mu 1962, yabaye umwe mu bajenama ibihumbi n'ibihumbi barungitswe muri Vietnam yo mu bumanuko na prezida Kennedy gutera intege abasirikare bari bageramiwe n'igice co mu buraruko cagendera ku vyiyumviro vya gi-komunista.

Ico gihe, Powell yarakomeretse ahonyoye ku gisonge ca punji bashinga mu kuzimu ngo kibe umutego.

Amahirwe akomeye cane

Mu 1968, yarasubiye muri Vietnam, araronka umudari w'ubutwari amaze kurokoka mw'isanganya rya kajugujugu aho yarokoye kandi abandi basirikare batatu mu bisigarira vyariko biraka umuriro.

Yahawe akazi ko gukora amatohoza kw'ikete ry'umusirikare ari ku mirimo ryashimangira ivyavugwa ko habaye ubwicanyi bw'ikivunga ahitwa My Lai mu kwezi kwa gatatu 1968, aho abasirikare ba Amerika bishe amajana n'amajana y'abanyagihugu basanzwe, harimwo n'abana.

Ico Powell yashjitseko, ko "n'aho bihakanwa, imigenderanire hagati y'abasirikare ba Amerika n'abanya-Vietenam imeze neza cane", vyahuriranye n'ukugaragara kwaguma kwiyongera kw'ingene abanya-Vietnam basanzwe bahutazwa n'ingabo za Amerika.

Mu nyuma yagirijwe kwerekana ko inkuru y'ubwo bwicanyi itari yo, ido n'ido ryabwo rikaba amaherezo ryagiye kuja ahabona mu 1970.

Agarutse avuye muri Vietnam, Powell yaciye urupapuro ry'umutsindo rwa MBA kuri kaminuza ya Georgetown imbere y'uko aronka amahirwe yo kuja kwimenyerereza akazi mu biro vy'umukuru w'igihugu, White House, ku butegetsi bwa prezida Richard Nixon.

Powell yaciye abonwa nk'uwutanguye kuduga. Haraciye igihe ari lieutenant-colonel muri Korea y'Epfo mu nyuma aca aja mu bushikiranganji bwo kwivuna abansi, Pentagon, nk'umwe mu bakozi babwo.

Inyuma y'igihe gito muri kaminuza ya gisirikare, yaciye aduzwa kw'ipete rya general de brigade aca ategeka division y'indege ya 101 imbere y'uko atangura amabanga y'ubujenama muri reta.

Yarakoze akanya mu ntwaro ya Carter hanyuma aba umujenama mukuru wa Caspar Weinberger, umushikiranganji wo kwivuna abansi yagenywe n'uwari asanzwe ari umukuru w'igihugu, Ronald Reagan.

Ishaka

Mu 1987, yabaye umujenama w'igihugu mu bijanye n'umutekano. Cari igihe c'uruhara rwa Amerika mu ciswe "intambara z'umucafu" muri Amerika y'Epfo harimwo muri Nicaragua.

Aho George H.W. Bush ashikiye ku butegetsi mu 1989, Powell yaciye agenwa kuba umukuru w'urwego rukuru rw'ingabo, kikaba arico kibanza ca gisirikare ca mbere gikomeye mu bushikiranganji bwo kwivuna abansi.

Ku myaka 52, niwe ntwazangabo ya mbere akiri muto akanaba umwirabure wa mbere yari ahawe ico kibanza.

Yaraneguwe cane igihe Amerika yatera Panama mu kwa cumi na kabiri mu 1989, bagakura umunyagitugugu, General Noriega, igikorwa ciyamirijwe cane na ONU.

Intambara yo mu 1990 yakurikije umukenyuro wiswe 'The Powell Doctrine' (inyigisho za Powell).

Muri make, Powell yavuga ati gushika inzira zose z'imigenderanire (diplomatie), za poritike n'iz'ubutunzi zinaniwe, niho Amerika izoheza igakoresha inguvu za gisirikare.

Ariko, inguvu za gisirikare ziramutse zitanguye gukoreshwa, ico gihe inguvu zose zikenewe zitegerezwa guca zikora kugira umwansi atururuzwe vuba kandi ibipfa ku ruhande rwa Amerika bibe bike cane.

N'ico gihe hari hakenewe ko iyo ntumbero ishigikirwa cane mu gihugu.

Iciyumviro ngenderwako cose cari gishingiye kw'ishaka ry'uko Amerika itosubira kugwa mu mutego w'intanbara ndende kandi ataco ishikako nk'iyo muri Vietnam.

Powell ubwa mbere yari yagwanije ko hakoreshwa inguvu mu kigobe c'Abarabu, mu gihe cari co cifuzo ca ministre wo kwivuna abansi w'ico gihe Dick Cheney. Ariko ibikorwa vya gisikare vyiswe Desert Storm na Desert Shield vyagenze neza bituma Powell amenyekana mu makungu.

Powell yagumye ari umukuru w'urwego rukuru mu bushikiranganji bwo kwivuna abansi mu mezi ya mbere y'ubutegetsi bwa prezida Bill Clinton ariko mu nyuma abona ko vyomugora gukorana n'intwaro y'aba democrate.

Muri poritike

Ntiyahuje n'umukuru w'igihugu mushasha ku kibazo co kureka abagirana imibonano mpuzabitsina n'abo babisangiye kwinjira mu gisirikare kandi Powell yari ateye kubiri, kandi yavugiye ku mugaragaro ko atumvikana na Madeleine Albright yaserukira Amerika muri ONU ,ku kurungika ingabo za girikare muri Bosnia.

Powell yemera ko kuba inyungu za Amerika zigeramiwe arivyo vyonyene vyosigura inyishu ya gisirikare. Yavuze ati: "Aba GI (abasirikare ba Amerika) ba Amerika si ibikinisho vyo gutera ku kibaho c'urukino."

Yavuye mu gisirikare mu 1993 aca afata umwanya wo kwandika igitabo c'ubuzima bwiwe - cabaye mu vyagiye ku rutonde rw'ikinyamakuru New York Times rw'ibigurwa cane - aja kandi mu bikorwa vy'ubugiraneza.

Amaze kuva mu mabanga y'umusirikare, yaciye atangura kuja muri poritike. Yari afise abamushima mu migambwe yompi ikomeye, aba Democtat n'aba Republicain bose baramureheje ngo yitoze ku giti cabo mu bukuru bw'igihugu, amaherezo ahitamwo aba nyuma mu 1995.

Vyaravuzwe ko yari agiye guhangana na Bill Clinton mu 1996 mu matora y'umukuru w'igihugu, ariko Powell yahavuye avuga ko ata muhamagaro afise wo gukora akazi ka poritike.

Mu 2000, W Bush yamugenye kuba umunyamabanga wa reta, ikibanza c'uwujejwe imigenderanire ya Amerika n'amakungu.

Inyuma y'ibitero vya 11 z'ukw'icenda (9/11), Powell yisanze hari abo badahuza cane nka ministre wo kwivuna abansi, Donald Rumsfeld, bashira imbere cane ibitero vya Amerika n'aho vyoba bidashigikiwe n'amakungu, mu ciswe "intambara yo kurwanya iterabwoba".

Powell, mu kuguma ku nyigisho yiwe, yaranse ukwisuka kwa Amerika muri Iraq ariko, ku cubahiro ca gisirikare, aremera gushigikira Bush. Kuba yari azwi nk'umuntu w'inyankamugayo vyarafashije mu kugira ONU yemere gushigikira iyo ntambara igihe yaja kubisigura mu nama ya ONU ijejwe umutekano kw'isi mu 2003.

Haheze amezi 18, Saddam Hussein atembagajwe, Powell yaremanze ko iperereza ryavuga ko uwo mutegetsi wa Iraq yari atunze ibigwanisho ruhonyanganda vyasa n'uko ata nkeka ko ritari ryo. Ntivyatevye aca aratanga imihoho mu kazi k'umunyamabanga wa reta.

Yagumye akunze kugira ico avuze ku bibazo vya poritike, anegura intwaro ya Bush ku bibazo bitari bike, harimwo ingene abafungiwe Guantanamo Bay bafatwa. Mu 2008 Powell yashigikiye Barack Obama mu kwitoza mu kibanza c'umukuru w'igihugu.

Colin Powell yari afise impano z'uko yashobora kuronka abo bumvikana ku mpanse zompi za poritike muri Amerika. Umugabo w'incabwenge cane, yarakundwa cane mu bushikiranganji bw'imigenderanire aho yari azwi cane mu kwakira abantu neza no mu kworoha uravye igiti gikomeye yari arimwo.

Inguvu ziwe zikomeye zari zishingiye mu kwemera ko kugira urunani vyoza imbere yo guhangana mu nguvu. Kwanka intumbero ya Rumsfeld yo kuba nyamwigendako vyafashije Amerika kugira urunani rw'isi mu kurwanya iterabwoba.

Igihe kimwe yavuze ati: "Intambara ikwiye kuza ubwa nyuma ibindi vyose vyananiwe.

"Kandi iyo tugiye mu ntambara, dutegerezwa kuba dufise ico tugamije abanyagihugu bacu bumva kandi bashigikiye."