Malawi: Ingene umwanda wo mu musarani ushobora gukingira amashamba

Mw'ibohero rya Mulanje, mu bumanuko bwa Malawi, impfungwa Felix Chimombo avyuka kare buri gitondo kugira ategure ivyo bagenziwe barya. Hamwe n'abandi banyororo bakeya, Chimombo ategerezwa gukora ku buryo isaha imwe yo mu gitondo, baba bahishije ivyo kurya vy'abanyororo 200 bahapfungiwe.

Kare, ibohero ryakoresha muri rusangi metero cube zibiri (2 m3) z'inkwi kugira bategure indya zo ku munsi, igikorwa kirushisha cashobora gufata amasaha atanu.

Ariko ubu inkwi zasubiriwe n'ubuhinga butamenyerewe cane. Ubu ibohero ryubakiwe igikono ca biogaz (digesteur), uburyo buhingura umwavu wose ushobora kubora - harimwo n'umusarani w'abantu - bikavamwo ibicanwa.

Ubwo buhinga bukoresha ibipande vy'ubumwanya (plastic), bufise ubwinjiriro aho umusarani n'uwundi mwavu bica bigatembera mu gikono aho bishikira mu mazi.

Ayo mazi y'ahantu hadaca umuyaga aca atuma udukoko (bacterie) iyo micafu tuyihinguramwo umwuka (gaz) witwa methane, uwo nawo ugaca utwarwa n'imiringoti ishika ku mashiga akoresha umwuka (cuisinières à gaz ) y'iryo bohero.

Ku bwa Chimombo, ico gikono ca biogaz carateje imbere cane ingene abanyororo babayeho muri iryo bohero, kuko batakirushwa no guca ibiti vyo gukuramwo inkwi zo gutekesha.

Chimombo avuga ati: "Ubwo buryo buri isuku kandi bukora neza. Ikindi ciza n'uko ata munuko bitera.

''Igihe bavyubaka, twari dufise ubwoba ko mu gikoni hazoterwa n'umunuko uva muri iyo micafu, ariko uwo mwuka ntugira umunuko na gato.

"Uwo mugambi waradufashije cane kuko nta mwanya munini tugikoresha mu guteka, gutekesha gaz biranyaruka kandi biroroshe".

Kugirango ubwo buhinga bubandanye bukora neza, abakozi munani mu bacungera ibohero hamwe n'abanyororo batandatu barahawe inyigisho imbere y'uko ico gikono gishikirizwa icese ibohero, nk'uko bisigurwa na Esther Mweso, uwujejwe umugambi wo kwihagararako muri United Purpose, ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry'abagiraneza ryubatse ico gikono ca biogaz muri iryo bohero rya Mulanje.

Ubwo buhinga bwarafashije kandi guteza imbere uburyo bwo kubaho bw'abapfunzwe mu kugabanya ukuziba kw'imiyoboro y'imisarani ubundi kwashika kenshi.

Abajejwe ibohero bavuga ko kuva baronse ico gikono ca biogaz, ubu iryo bohero ryagabanuye hafi ica kabiri inkwi ryahora rikoresha mu guteka, ziva kuri metero cube (metre cube) 60 ku kwezi zija ku 29.

Ico gikono catumye kandi hagabanuka amafaranga yahora akoreshwa mu kuriha amatara, amafaranga yose hamwe yagabanutse ku yo ryahora risohora ku nkwi n'amatara akaba angana hafi ibihumbi 800 mu mafaranga y'amarundi canke hafi ibihumbi 400 mu mafaranga y'amanyarwanda ku kwezi.

Gushika ubu ico gikono ca biogaz ntigikora ku bushobozi bwaco bwose, kuko cubatswe mu kwezi kwa 12 mu 2020 igihe ibohero ryariko riragabanya abarifungiwemwo mu kwubahiriza ingingo zo kwirinda indwara ya Covid-19.

Ku bushobozi bwaco bwose, ico gikono gishobora guhingura metero cube 230 z'umusarani ku munsi. Abajejwe ibohero bizigiye ko uko umwanya uzoza urahaca, ico gikono kizofasha kugabanya amafaranga agenda mu nkwi n'amatara gushika ku 80%.

Ico gikono mu guhingura umusarani kirasohora kandi igisogororo gikoreshwa nk'ifumbire mw'iraro ritoya ry'ibohero, ivyo bikaba bifasha mu kugwiza umwimbu w'imboga.

Aho naho hari icizere ko bizofasha kugabanya ukurya nabi mu banyororo, na cane cane abagendana umugera wa Sida.

Ibikono bihingura biogaz bikoresha imisarani birijukiwe cane kuva muri Kenya gushika muri Indonesia, aho bifasha cane mu bice biri kure mu gihugu hagati.

Muri Malawi bishobora gufasha gutorera icarimwe inyishu z'ibibazo vyinshi vy'ibidukikije mu gihugu: bitanga ibicanwa n'ifumbire vy'isuku, bikanagabanya kwerekeza amaso ku nkwi gusa.

Malawi kiri mu bihugu bibamwo abantu benshi muri Afrika ufashe uko kingana. 97% y'abanyagihugu bakoresha ibicanwa biva ku biterwa, na cane cane ibiti.

Ni co gituma ico gihugu kiri mu vya mbere mu guhonya amashamba muri Afrika yo munsi y'ubugararwa wa Sahara.

Amashamba yose ya Malawi yavuye kuri hegitari miriyoni 3.5 y'amashamba cimeza mu 1990 aja kuri hegitari miriyoni 2.24 mu 2020.

Amashamba y'isugi yarakozweko cane gusumba: yagabanutseko 60%, ava kuri hegitari miriyoni 1.7 aja kuri hegitari ibihumbi 700. Uretse inkwi zo gutekesha, ukwagura aho kurima navyo biguma bigabanya amashamba.

Umugambi waranguwe kw'ibohero rya Mulanje urabayabaye, ariko n'akarorero ko guheba gukoresha inkwi gashobora gufasha gukingira amashamba asigaye muri Malawi.

Tawonga Mbale, umuyobozi ajejwe ibibazo vy'ibidukikije mu bushikiranganji bw'ibidukikije n'ubutunzi kama, avuga ko reta ya Malawi ubu ihimiriza gukoresha ayandi masoko ntanganguvu kandi aramba.

Tawonga Mbale avuga ati: "Duta umwavu mwinshi ariko udaheza ngo uhingurwemwo ibicanwa kugira ntuhumanye ikirere.

"Reta ihimiriza kwijukira amasoko ntanganguvu yubahiriza ibidukikije nka biogaz n'inguvu ziva ku mishwarara y'izuba."

Mathews Malata, umwe mu baharanira ibidukikije, avuga ko bene iyo migambi mito mito ya biogaz ari inyishu ikomeye cane kuri Malawi niba ico gihugu gishaka kugabanya gukoresha ibicanwa nk'amakara y'ibiti canke inkwi zo gutekesha.

Mathews Malata avuga ati: "Muri Malawi, turafise uduhinguriro twa biogaz duto duto, ariko muri iyi minsi twarabonye ko hiyongeye bigaragara abazana imitahe mu kwubaka ubuhinga bwa biogaz".

Mu mabohero ya Dedza na Mangochi, mu maja hagati no mu bumanuko bwa Malawi, bene ubwo buhinga busigaye bukoreshwa, kuko bworoha gukoresha ahari abantu benshi batuma haboneka ibihingurwamwo ibicanwa vyinshi.

Ku ngo zisanzwe, umigambi minini nk'iyo ntikora, kandi bene izo ngo arizo zikoresha cane inkwi mu guteka. Mwesi yizigiye ko hazokorwa ubuhinga butoya bushobora gukoreshwa mu miryango, ubu mbere ubwo buhinga buriko burageragezwa.

I Lilongwe, umurwa mukuru wa Malawi, imyavu isanzwe ikoreshwa mu guhingura gaz ikoreshwa mu miryango mu bundi buhinga - ho ntihakoreshwa imisarani, hakoreshwa umwavu wo mu ngo.

Rose Muhondo, ajejwe guteza imbere isuku muri Our World International, ishirahamwe ritegamiye reta avuga ati: "Turegeranya umwavu wo mu ngo, hanyuma tumaze kuwukuramwo ibivunjivunji vy'ubumwanya, duca tuwushira mu gikono tugahinguramwo umwuka hamwe n'ifumbire y'uruziruzi ikoreshwa hose".

OWI igurisha biogaz yayo ku giciro c'intango c'amafaranga arenga 2300 mu marundi ikiro, ni ica kabiri c'ikiguzi c'umwuka bita 'gaz naturel' uhingurwa mu gihugu.

Yaba umusarani, yaba umwavu uvuye ku vyo kurya canke ivyo kurya bitawe, igice kinini c'inguvu umunya-Malawi akeneye kugira ahe agahengwe amashamba gishobora kuba kiri hafi yiwe kuruta uko avyibaza.

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Ivyuka bihumanya ikirere vya CO2 vyasohowe mu gutegura ino nkuru ni kg130, mu muduga. Ivyasohowe hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa digitale mu gutegura ino nkuru bigereranywa ku rugero rwa g1,2 na 3,6 vya CO2 kuri buri rupapuro rwarabwe.