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Using and interpreting graphs - OCRReal-life graphs

In real-life contexts, the intercept, gradient and area beneath graphs can contain information such as fixed charges, speed or distance.

Part ofMathsAlgebra

Real-life graphs

The concepts of gradient and rate of change are explored

All real-life graphs can be used to estimate or read-off values.The actual meaning of the values will depend on the labels and units shown on each axis. Sometimes:

  • the gradient of the line or curve has a particular meaning
  • the y-intercept (where the graph crosses the vertical axis) has a particular meaning
  • the area has a particular meaning

Example:

This graph shows the cost of petrol.

It shows that 20 litres will cost £23 or £15 will buy 13 litres.

A graph showing the cost of petrol. The y axis shows cost in pounds from zero to 30 and the X axis shows litres from zero to 24. The graph shows that 20 litres will cost £23 or £15 will buy 13 litres.

\(gradient = \frac{change~up}{change~right}\) or \(\frac{change~in~y}{change~in~x}\)

Using the points (0, 0) and (20, 23), the gradient = \(\frac{23}{20}\) = 1.15.

The units of the axes help give the gradient a meaning.

The calculation was \(\frac{change~in~y}{change~in~x} = \frac{change~in~cost}{change~in~litres} = \frac{change~in~£}{change~in~l} = £/l.\)

The gradient shows the cost per litre. Petrol costs £1.15 per litre.

The graph crosses the vertical axis at (0, 0). This is known as the intercept.

It shows that if you buy 0 litres, it will cost £0.

Example:

This graph shows the cost of hiring a ladder for various numbers of days.

A graph showing the cost of ladder hire. The y axis is cost in pounds from zero to 40 and the X axis shows time in days from zero to 10. The gradient shows that it costs £3 per day to hire the ladder.

Using the points (1, 10) and (9, 34), the gradient \(= \frac{change~up}{change~right}\) or \(\frac{change~in~y}{change~in~x} = \frac{34-10}{9-1} = \frac{24}{8} = 3\).

The units of the axes help give the gradient a meaning.

The calculation was \(\frac{change~in~y}{change~in~x} = \frac{change~in~cost}{change~in~days} = \frac{change~in~£}{change~in~days} = £/day.\)

The gradient shows the cost per day. It costs £3 per day to hire the ladder.

The graph crosses the vertical axis at (0, 7).

There is an additional cost of £7 on top of the £3 per day (this might be a delivery charge for example).

Next page
Distance-time and displacement-time graphs

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