The money, he said, would flow directly into the economy, creating jobs and spurring growth. Click here for latest poll ratings
But Mr Stoiber said high taxes damaged economic growth and destroyed jobs.
Tax cuts and help for the victims was his party's strategy, he said.
Rebuilding from scratch
BBC Berlin correspondent Rob Broomby says the chancellor set out to make a good impression in parliament, just days after he failed to outshine Mr Stoiber in a pre-election television duel.
According to Mr Schroeder, 180,000 homes have been flooded and 740 kilometres (460 miles) of roads have been destroyed.
The rebuilding of Eastern Germany had been set back years, and in many regions people would have to start almost from scratch, he said.
But from the reunification of Germany had come the unity of the Germans in head and heart, he added.
Borrowing in disguise
Correspondents say the government's record in dealing with the floods has wrong-footed the opposition, which has said it will not block Mr Schroeder's plan to delay tax cuts, even though it objects to it.
With less than a month to go before a general election, most opinion polls still put the conservatives ahead of the Social Democrats - though the floods have helped Mr Schroeder narrow the gap.
The conservatives' short-term plan to finance flood assistance using central bank profits, was widely criticised as borrowing in disguise, and rejected by the bank itself.
The final cost of the cleanup could be as high as 15 billion euros for Germany alone.
Some money has already begun to flow to those affected.
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