Our findings indicate that foetal exposure to tobacco may have a significant impact on early initiation of tobacco use in children

Dr Marie Cornelius

Earlier studies have shown that children exposed to smoke before birth suffer development problems, including attention deficit disorders.

Dr Marie Cornelius, who led the research, said: "The role of prenatal tobacco has been largely overlooked as a risk factor for the development of tobacco use among youth.

"Our findings indicate that foetal exposure to tobacco may have a significant impact on early initiation of tobacco use in children."

The researchers questioned almost 600 10-year-olds, more then half of whose mothers smoked an average of 15 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

Among the 37 children who said they had smoked, most had been exposed to tobacco in the womb.

Research in animals suggests that damage to the brain during pregnancy could be one reason why children go on to smoke.

Damage

Dr Cornelius said: "The resulting central nervous system damage may later be expressed as impulsivity, inattention, aggression, depression, and/or anxiety and may create a vulnerability in the child that could contribute to poorer adjustment and a greater likelihood of early initiation of tobacco use."

The research, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the US, was published in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research.

UK pressure group Action on Smoking and Health said it was more likely that children took up smoking because they saw their parents with cigarettes.

Spokeswoman Amanda Sandford said: "I would have thought if children live in an environment where the parents are smoking, that would be a stronger factor.

"It is possible that there may be some physiological effect when the foetus is developing so the child becomes predisposed to smoking because they are accustomed to the smoke component.

"But you would have to take it with a pinch of salt until it is confirmed by other findings."

She said it was important that both mothers and fathers gave up smoking during pregnancy and did not start again once the child was born.